Chapter 11 AC Power

Chapter 11
AC Circuit Power
Analysis
11.1 • INSTANTANEOUS
POWER
If the device in question is a resistor of resistance R
If the voltage and current are associated with a

device that is entirely inductive
In the case of a capacitor,

Example
total power
The power delivered to the resistor is
the power absorbed by the inductor

EXAMPLE 11.1
Vc=V(∞)+(V(0)-V(∞))e-t/RC
=100-60 e-1000t
At t=1.2 ms, i=90.36 mA

Power Due to Sinusoidal Excitation
not a function of time Twice the applied frequency.

11.2 • AVERAGE POWER
for Periodic Waveforms
Sinusoidal Steady State
Average
EXAMPLE 11.2
Average Power Absorbed by an
Ideal Resistor
Average Power Absorbed by
Purely Reactive Elements
EXAMPLE 11.3
EXAMPLE 11.4
• Find the average power absorbed by each of the
three passive elements in Fig. 11.5, as well as the
average power supplied by each source.
• Lets solve by mesh and then resolve by nodal!

• Mesh: −20 + 𝑗 2 𝐼 1 +2 ( 𝐼 1 − 𝐼 2)=0 1 (2+ 𝑗 2) 𝐼 1 −2 𝐼 2=20
2 −2 𝐼 1+ ( 2− 𝑗 2 ) 𝐼 2 =−10
2 ( 𝐼 2 − 𝐼 1 ) − 𝑗 2 𝐼 2 +10=0
Equation (2) x (1+j) adding the two equations to eliminate I1
−2 (1+ 𝑗) 𝐼 1 + ( 2 − 𝑗 2 ) (1+ 𝑗) 𝐼 2 =−10( 1+ 𝑗 )
3 −2 (1+ 𝑗) 𝐼 1 + 4 𝐼 2=−10 − 10 j 3+1 2 𝐼 2=10 − 𝑗 10
• OR by nodal:
• X j2
•  V=-j10
The average power by the inductor and capacitor =0

The resistor: I=I1-I2=-j5  P=W
By passive sign convention: I1 leaves the left supply
 assume active: W
I2 Enter the right supply assume passive absorbs:
W
Maximum Power Transfer
To prove that we must perform two separate steps. First, the

derivative with respect to RL must be set to zero. Second, the
derivative with respect to XL must be set to zero.
• The power is absorbed by only RL.
• XL absorbs zero power.
•  The current is related to load by:
• It is clear that the current will be maximized if

• Xth=-XL
• Which reduce the equation to:
2
• This is the same equation of chapter 5

•  Maximum power is when RL=Rs (which is Rth)
•  RL=Rth and XL=-Xth  ZL=Zth*
EXAMPLE 11.5
Average Power for Non-periodic Functions
• Applying this same method to q current function

which is the sum of several sinusoids of different
periods and arbitrary amplitudes
𝜔 1 ≠ 𝜔2 ≠ …≠ 𝜔 𝑁
EXAMPLE 11.6
EXAMPLE 11.7
11.3 • EFFECTIVE VALUES OF CURRENT AND
VOLTAGE
• a measure of the effectiveness of a voltage source

in delivering power to a resistive load.
• “The effective value of any periodic current is equal to
the value of the direct current which, flowing through an
R ohm resistor, delivers the same average power to the
resistor as does the periodic current.”
For 1 2 2
sinusoidal 𝑝= 𝐼𝑚 𝑅 𝑝= 𝐼 𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑅
2
Effective Value of a Periodic
Waveform
root-mean-square value, or simply the rms value

Effective (RMS) Value of a
Sinusoidal Waveform
0
Use of RMS Values to Compute
Average Power
You must be careful and notice if you are dealing

with amplitude or effective
Effective Value with Multiple-
Frequency Circuits
𝜔 1 ≠ 𝜔2 ≠ …≠ 𝜔 𝑁
• (a)4.24
• (b) sin(A ± B) = sin(A)cos(B) ± cos(A)sin(B)
4 sin(25t+30)= 4sin(25t)*0.866+2cos(25t)
8 cos(25t)+3.46sin(25t)
√ 64+12 =√ 38
√2
6 cos(25t)+2.5+2.5cos(50t)
• (c)
√ 36 /2+6.25+6.25/2=√ 27.375
11.4 • APPARENT POWER
AND POWER FACTOR
• Voltage leads the current by(θ − φ).

• Average power:
=? We define it as the apparent power
Dimensionally, apparent power must be measured in the same

units as real power, since cos(θ − φ) is dimensionless; but in order
to avoid confusion, the term volt-amperes, or VA, is applied to the
apparent power.
• The ratio of the real or average power to the
apparent power is called the power factor,
symbolized by PF. Hence,
• In the sinusoidal case, the power factor is simply

=
• For a purely resistive load, the voltage and current
are in phase, (θ − φ) is zero, and the PF is unity.
• A purely reactive load will cause (θ − φ) =90o and
the PF is therefore zero.
• If the power factor is 0.5 can you answer the
following:
• (θ − φ) =60 or -60?
• The load is inductive (-60) or capacitive (+60)
• The ambiguity is resolved by referring to a leading
PF or a lagging PF:
• Phase of the current with respect to the voltage.
• Inductive load will have a lagging PF
• Capacitive load a leading PF.
• If the power factor is 0.5 lagging can you answer
the following:
• (θ − φ) =60 or -60? Answer: -60
• The load is inductive or capacitive? inductive (-60)
EXAMPLE 11.8
• Calculate values for the average power delivered
to each of the two loads shown, the apparent
power supplied by the source, and the power
factor of the combined loads.
apparent power
supplied by the source
Verify the solution
288 + 144 = 432 W.

We might also write the combined load impedance as
=0.6 lagging
11.5 • COMPLEX POWER
• We define complex power with reference to a
general sinusoidal voltage Veff = Veff∟θ and a
general sinusoidal current Ieff = ∟ Ieff φ.
where P is the average power, as before. The imaginary part of the

complex power (Q ) is termed the reactive power.
Reactive power
• reactive power describes the rate of energy transfer
into and out of reactive load components (inductors
and capacitors alternately charge and discharge).
• In order to avoid confusion, the unit of Q is defined as
the volt-ampere-reactive (abbreviated VAR).
VA W VAR
The dimensions are the same
The Power Triangle
𝑃
¿ ∠ ± 𝑐𝑜𝑠− 1 ( 𝑃𝐹 )
𝑃𝐹 + For lagging
• Example: - For leading
If the power supplied is 10 W and the
power factor is 0.5 leading, find the
reactive power supplied by the source. If xIeff2
the source voltage is 200oV rms, find the
current and impedance of the total load .
Answer: Q==-17.32 VAR
A rms
Ω
P=P1+P2
Q=Q1+Q2
Papp≠Papp1+Papp2
• EXAMPLE 11.9
• If the operating frequency is 60 Hz, this load can be
provided by a 1056 μF capacitor connected in
parallel with the motor. However, its initial cost,
maintenance, and depreciation must be covered by
the reduction in the electric bill.
V
Ref
(5 + 𝑗 10 ) ×− 𝑗 10 120
𝑍𝑒𝑞=1+ =21 − 𝑗 10 I = =5.16 ∠ 25.5
5 21 − 𝑗 10
𝑣 =( 20 − 𝐽 10 ) × 𝐼 =115.4 ∠ − 1.1

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Chapter 11

If the device in question is a resistor of resistance R

If the voltage and current are associated with a

In the case of a capacitor,

The power delivered to the resistor is

the power absorbed by the inductor

At t=1.2 ms, i=90.36 mA

not a function of time Twice the applied frequency.

for Periodic Waveforms

Sinusoidal Steady State

• Lets solve by mesh and then resolve by nodal!

The average power by the inductor and capacitor =0

To prove that we must perform two separate steps. First, the

• It is clear that the current will be maximized if

• This is the same equation of chapter 5

• Applying this same method to q current function

• a measure of the effectiveness of a voltage source

root-mean-square value, or simply the rms value

You must be careful and notice if you are dealing

• Voltage leads the current by(θ − φ).

=? We define it as the apparent power

Dimensionally, apparent power must be measured in the same

• In the sinusoidal case, the power factor is simply

288 + 144 = 432 W.

where P is the average power, as before. The imaginary part of the

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