Lec 7

Structure and
Organization of
Computers
Contents
Output Hardware:
• Video Card
• Sound Card
• Monitor
• Speakers
• Printer
Output hardware
• Output hardware consists of devices that translate information processed
by the computer into a form that humans can understand—print, sound,
graphics, or video, for example.
• Now a video card and a sound card need to be installed in the system
cabinet. Next the monitor, speakers, and a printer are plugged in.
• This is a good place to introduce the term peripheral device. A peripheral
device is any component or piece of equipment that expands a
computer’s input, storage, and output capabilities.
• In other words, a peripheral device is not part of the essential computer.
Peripheral devices can be inside the computer or connected to it from the
outside. Examples include printers and disk drives.
Video Card
• You doubtless want your monitor to display color (rather than just black-and-
white) images. Your system cabinet will therefore need to have a device to make
this possible.
• A video card converts the processor’s output information into a video signal
that can be sent through a cable to the monitor.
• Remember the expansion slots we mentioned? Your video card is plugged into
one of these on the motherboard. (You can also buy a motherboard with built-in
video.)
Sound Card
• You may wish to listen to music on your PC. If so, you’ll need a sound
card , which enhances the computer’s sound generating capabilities
by allowing sound to be output through speakers.
• This, too, would be plugged into an expansion slot on the
motherboard. (Once again, you can buy a motherboard with built-in
sound.) With the CD drive connected to the card, you can listen to
music CDs.
Monitors
• As with television sets, the inch dimension on monitors is measured diagonally
corner to corner.
• The monitor is the display device that takes the electrical signals from the video
card and forms an image using points of colored light on the screen.
• Later, after the system cabinet has been closed up, the monitor will be connected
by means of a cable to the back of the computer, using the clearly marked
connector. The power cord for the monitor will be plugged into a wall plug.
Monitors
Monitor are the most popular output device used today for producing soft-copy
output
• Five basic types of monitor
• Cathode Ray tube
• Liquid crystal display
• Light emitted diode
• Plasma screen
• Projector
Cathode Ray Tubes
• CRT stands for Cathode Ray Tubes and is the very old style
display which uses the florescent tube in itself and it projects
the electrons to the screen at a time.
• These projections are responsible for creating the images on
the screen.
• These monitors are pretty heavy and have been configured
for some various sizes.
• These displays contained the refresh rate which is that how
fast the electrons can actually get sprayed on the screen and
how fast the image can be changed and produced.
• The CRT monitor displays images with color that are
consistent and can be viewed with different angles.
Liquid crystal display
• It is the very common type of the display that one can find anywhere.
• At the back of the screen, there's a large bright light that shines out toward the
viewer. In front of this, there are the millions of pixels, each one made up of
smaller areas called sub-pixels that are colored red, blue, or green.
• Each pixel has a polarizing glass filter behind it and another one in front of it at
90 degrees. That means the pixel normally looks dark. In between the two
polarizing filters there's a liquid crystal that can be switched on or off
electronically.
• When it's switched on, it rotates the light passing through it through 90
degrees, effectively allowing light to flow through the two polarizing filters and
making the pixel look bright. Each pixel is controlled by a separate transistor (a
tiny electronic component) that can switch it on or off many times each second.
Liquid crystal display
Light Emitting diode
• The difference is in the backlights. While a standard LCD monitor uses
fluorescent backlights, an LED monitor uses light-emitting diodes for backlights.
LED monitors usually have superior picture quality, but they come in varying
backlight configurations.
• The cost of LED is pretty low and LED is mostly used in the mobile phones due
to it fast speed and the good response time. The angel of viewing is also pretty
wide.
Plasma Screen
• This is another new invention, and it is named as the plasma display since there
are some small sized cells present there.
• These cells are of the Nobel gases and when the voltage is provided to them, the
ultra-violate ray is generated and each light is brightened and hence the light is
emitted through the display.
Projectors
• The projectors are now also being used and almost every organization use this to
spread the information on the screen.
• The data can be projected at the wall, and it can become visible to many people
at the same time.
• These are also known as the CD projectors, but the truth is, that there are many
various technologies which are being used for that displays and the LCD is not the
only option
Speaker
• Speakers are the devices that play sounds transmitted as electrical
signals from the sound card.
• They may not be very sophisticated, but unless you’re into high-
fidelity recordings they’re probably good enough.
• The two speakers are connected to a single wire that is plugged into
the back of the computer once installation is completed.
PRINTER
• Especially for student work, you certainly need a printer , an output device that
produces text and graphics on paper. There are various types of printers, as we
discuss later.
• The printer has two connections. One, which relays signals from the computer,
goes to the back of the PC, where it connects with the motherboard.
• The other is a power cord that goes to a wall plug. Color printers are more
expensive than black-and-white printers, and fast printers cost more than slow
ones.
Printer
• Printers can be classified in two group-
• impact printers
• non-impact printers
Impact Printer
• Impact printers
• Work like a typewriter.
• Generate output by hammer striking the paper
• Uses an inked ribbon
• Type of Impact printer
• Dot Matrix Printer
• Daisy wheel Printer
• Line printer
Impact Printer
• Dot matrix printers

• Used to print to multi-sheet pages
• Print head strikes inked ribbon
• Speed measured in characters per second
• Daisy Wheel Printer
• It uses a print wheel called as daisy wheel
• Each petal contains the character, Machine rotate the wheel
• A hammer strike the petal against the ribbon when the desired character reaches the
position on the paper.
Impact Printer
• Line Printer
• It is fast impact printer
• It print the entire line at a time
• Its speed measure in Line per minute (lmp)
Non-Impact Printer
• Output is not generated by striking the hammer
• Tend to be quiet and fast
• Types of Non-Impact printer
• Laser printer
• Inkjet printer
• Thermal printer
Non-Impact Printer
• Laser printer
• Produces high quality documents
• Color or black and white
• Print process
• Laser draws text on page
• Toner sticks to text
• Toner melted to page
• Speed measured in pages per minute
• Quality expressed as dots per inch
Non-Impact Printer
• Inkjet Printer
• It prints spraying the tiny drops of liquid ink on the paper.
• Printer can produce quality text and graphics in black-and-white and color.
• The price is less than the laser printer.
• Thermal printer
• Uses the color waxes and heat to produce the images on the white paper.
• Thermal printer are expensive and require the costly paper.
• These printer used to create the high-quality color printing.
Plotter
• Plotter are an ideal output device for architects, engineers, and
others who need to routinely generate high-precision, hard-copy,
graphic output of widely varying sizes.
• There are two types of plotter
• Drum Plotter:- In a drum plotter, the paper on which the
design is to be made is placed over a drum that can rotate in
both clockwise and anti-clockwise direction to produce
vertical motion.
• Flatbed Plotter:-A flatbed plotter plots design or graph on a
sheet of paper spread and fixed over a rectangular flatbed
table.

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Structure and

• Dot matrix printers

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