HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

AND HEREDITY
Alcover, Jina Mae
Andam, Shella Mae
Buri, April Joy
Colagbang, Analiza D.
 ORGANOGENESIS

ORGANOGENESIS
 The formation of body organs and organ systems
EMBRYONIC DISC
 A flattened structure formed by the inner cell mass of the
blastocyst
 Gives rise to 3 primary germ layers: ectoderm,
mesoderm, and endoderm
 ORGANOGENESIS
ECTODERM
 Gives rise to the nervous system, portions of the special
senses, and the skin.
MESODERM
 Gives rise to muscle, bone , blood, and many of the
structures of the cardiovascular system
ENDODERM
 Gives rise to the epithelial lining of the digestive tract,
respiratory tract, and the parts of the urinary tract
 TERATOGENS
• The organs of the body are being critical at this time, the
embryonic period is most critical for development. Toxic
substances such as alcohol, drugs and certain
pathogens can cross the placenta membrane and
interfere with embryonic development, causing severe
birth defects.
• Teratogens is a word that means monster product and
attests to the severity of teratogensic birth defects.
Hazardous conditions such as exposure to radiation can
also act as teratogens.
 TERATOGENS
• A teratogen is anything a person is exposed to or ingests
during pregnancy that's known to cause fetal
abnormalities. Drugs, medicine, chemicals, certain
infections and toxic substances are examples of
teratogens. Teratogens can also increase the risk for
miscarriage, preterm labor or stillbirth.
 FETAL PERIOD
• Fetal Period extends from week 9 to birth. At this time , the
developing offspring is called a fetus. Fetal period is primarily a
time of growth and maturation.
• The mother first feels the fetus move during the fifth month this
experience is called quickening. As the fetus grows it’s skin
becomes covered by a fine downy hair called lanugo ( during the
fifth month ).
• The lanugo is covered by a white cheese like substance called
the vernix caseosa.
•
 FETAL PERIOD
Development event
 Embryonic Fetal
•Third month
•Second week
• Fourth month
•Third week • Fifth month
•Fourth week • Sixth month
• Seventh month
•Sixth week • Eight month
•Second month • Ninth month
 FETAL PERIOD
• At the end of 38 weeks , the fetus is full term . During this period
the fetal weight has increased from less than ½ ounce (14g) to 7.5
pounds (3.4kg).
• The embryo or fetus is born too early, before the 9- month
gestation period is completed. A number of terms are used to
describe early birth.
• An abortion is the loss of an embryo or fetus before the twentieth
week of development.
 FETAL PERIOD AND HORMONAL
CHANGES DURING PREGNANCY
• A spontaneous abortion occurs naturally , with no artificial
interference.
• A miscarriage is the layperson’s term for a spontaneous abortion.
• An Induced abortion is an abortion deliberately caused by some
artificial or mechanical means.
• A therapeutic abortion is performed by a physician as a form of
treatment for the mother.
 HORMONAL CHANGES DURING
PREGNANCY
• Pregnancy is characterized by complex hormonal changes.

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin ( hCG )

• After ovulation, the corpus luteum secretes estrogen and progesterone.
Other hormonal changes associated with pregnancy include:
• Increased secretion of aldosterone
• Parathyroid hormone
 HORMONAL CHANGES DURING
PREGNANCY
• The rate of metabolism increases.
• The mother’s blood volume expands by as much as 40 to 50 %.
• Respiratory activity increases.
• The kidney work harder and produce more urine because they must
eliminate waste for both the mother and the fetus.
• The size and weight of the uterus increase dramatically as the fetus grows to
full term.
• The mother’s nutritional needs increase as the maternal organs ( uterus and
breasts) grow and she provides for the growing fetus.
 BIRTH OF A BABY
PARTURATION
• the action or process of giving birth to offspring :
CHILDBIRTH
LABOR
• is a series of continuous, progressive contractions of the uterus
that help the cervix dilate and efface (thin out). This lets the fetus
move through the birth canal. Labor usually starts two weeks
before or after the estimated date of delivery. However, the exact
trigger for the onset of labor is unknown.
 BIRTH OF A BABY
HORMONAL BASIS OF LABOR
• Progesterone is secreted in decreasing amounts after
the seventh month. This decreases coincides with an
increase in the secretion of estrogen.
• Estrogen has two effects:
1. It opposes the quieting effect of progesterone on uterine
contractions,
2. It sentisizes the myometrium(uterine muscles) to the
stimulatory effects of oxytocin
 BIRTH OF A BABY
HORMONAL BASIS OF LABOR
• The secretion of prostaglandins by the placenta stimulates the
uterine contractions.
• The stretching of the uterine and vaginal tissue in the late stage of
pregnancy stimulates nerves, which sends signals to the
hypothalamus.
BRAXTON-HICKS CONTRACTIONS (false labor)
• Due to the increases responsiveness of the uterus to
various hormones, particularly changing concentration of
estrogen and progesterone.
 BIRTH OF A BABY
STAGES OF LABOR
• There are three stages:
1. First stage (dilation stage),
2. Second stage (expulsion stage) and
3. Third stage (placental stage)
 BIRTH OF A BABY
THE FIRST STAGE (Dilation Stage)
• During the onset of labor, your cervix will complete
dilation. Early in this stage, you may not recognize that
you are in labor if your contractions are mild and irregular.
• This stage is characterized by rhythmic and forceful
contractions, rapture of the amniotic sac(bag of waters),
and cervical dilation.
• It is the longest stage of labor and generally last between
6 and 12 hours.
 BIRTH OF A BABY
THE FIRST STAGE (Dilation Stage)
• Early labor is divided into two phases:
The latent phase is marked by strong contractions that
usually occur at five- to 20-minute intervals. During this
phase, your cervix will dilate approximately 3 to 4
centimeters and efface. This is usually the longest and
least intense phase of labor. You may be admitted to the
hospital during this phase. Your doctor will perform pelvic
exams to determine the dilation of the cervix.
 BIRTH OF A BABY
THE FIRST STAGE (Dilation Stage)
• Early labor is divided into two phases:
The active phase is signaled by the dilation of the cervix
from 4 to 10 centimeters. Your contractions will likely
increase in length, severity and frequency, occurring at
three- to four-minute intervals. In most cases, the active
phase is shorter than the latent phase.
 BIRTH OF A BABY
THE SECOND STAGE (Expulsion Stage)
• Often referred to as the pushing stage of labor, this stage starts
when your cervix is completely opened and ends with the delivery
of your baby. During the second stage, you become actively
involved by pushing the baby through the birth canal. Crowning
occurs when your baby’s head is visible at the opening of the
vagina. The second stage is usually shorter than the first stage,
and may take between 30 minutes and three hours for your first
pregnancy.
 BIRTH OF A BABY
THE SECOND STAGE (Expulsion Stage)
• Episiotomy - is a surgical incision into the perinium (the
tissue between the vaginal opening and the anus). The
incision enlarges the vaginal opening and facilitates the
delivery of the baby, thereby avoiding a lacerated
perineum. The baby’s mouth and nose are suctioned out.
The umbilical cord is clamped and cut.
 BIRTH OF A BABY
THE THIRD STAGE (Placental Stage)
• This stage involves the passage of the placenta (the
organ that nourished your baby inside of the uterus) out of
the uterus and through the vagina. The delivery of the
placenta may take up to 30 minutes.
• It involves the separation of the placenta from the uterine
wall and expulsion of the placenta and attached
membranes by forceful uterine contractions.
 BIRTH OF A BABY
THE THIRD STAGE (Placental Stage)
• The placenta and the attached membranes are
collectively called the afterbirth.
• The uterine contractions also cause vasoconstriction of
the uterine blood vessels, thereby minimizing blood loss.
• Uterine contractions also help the uterus to return to its
nonpregnant size and shape.
BREECH BIRTH
FEMALE BREAST AND LACTATION
STRUCTURE OF A BREAST: THE MAMMARY GLAND
• Breasts - located anterior to the pectoralis major muscles
and contain adipose tissue and mammary glands
• Mammary glands - are accessory organs of the female
reproductive system.
they secretes milk following the delivery of the baby.
• Areola - a circular are of pigmented skin that surrounds
the nipple
 FEMALE BREAST AND LACTATION
STRUCTURE OF A BREAST: THE MAMMARY GLAND
• Alveolar glands - secretes milk, which is carried toward the nipple by the
lactiferous duct.
• Connective tissue, including the suspensory ligaments, help support the
breast.
• The mammary glands of male and female children are similar, not until a
child reaches puberty.
• At puberty, the female mammary glands are stimulated by estrogen and
progesterone. The aveolar glands and ducts enlarge and adipose tissue is
deposited around these structures. The male breast does not develop
because there is no hormonal stimulus to do so. If a male is given female
hormones, he too develops breast.
 FEMALE BREAST AND LACTATION
HORMONES OF LACTATION
• Milk production - also called lactation. Lactation requires prolactin.
• There is no milk production during pregnancy. High plasma levels of estrogen
and progesterone inhibit prolactin secretion during pregnancy.
• Prolactin is a polypeptide hormone responsible for lactation, breast
development, and hundreds of other actions needed to maintain
homeostasis. The chemical structure of prolactin is similar to the structure of
growth and placental lactogen hormones.
• Milk production takes 2 to 3 days to begin. In the meantime, the mammary
glands produce colostrum, a yellowish watery fluid rich in protein and
antibodies.
 FEMALE BREAST AND LACTATION
HORMONES OF LACTATION
• Oxytocin, necessary for the release of milk from the breast. Stimulates the
milk let-down reflex and stimulates the flow of milk. It also causes the uterus
to contract.
• Milk let-down reflex - the effect of suckling and oxytocin release.
• Uterine contraction helps minimize blood loss and more quickly returns the
uterus to its non pregnant state.
• Oxytocic agents - a type of drug that is sometimes administered to the
mother after childbirth. These drugs cause uterine contractions and minimize
postpartum bleeding.
 POST NATAL CHANGES AND
DEVELOPMENT STAGE
IMMEDIATE ADJUSTMENTS
• Immediately after birth, the baby must make many
important adjustments to survive. Most importantly, the
baby must begin breathing. The first deep breaths, drawn
as the baby cries, expands the lungs and provide the
infant with life giving oxygen. The cardiovascular system
that makes a second major adjustment.
 POST NATAL CHANGES AND
DEVELOPMENT STAGE
IMMEDIATE ADJUSTMENTS
• Just after birth, other organ systems also begin to
function. For instance, the kidneys begin to make urine,
and the digestive system begins a life long career of
eating, digesting, and excreting. The first stool produced
by the new born is soft and black it is called meconium.
 POST NATAL CHANGES AND
DEVELOPMENT STAGE
IMMEDIATE ADJUSTMENTS
• One minute after birth, the infant’s physical condition may
be rated according to the Apgar scale. A score of 0.1.2
and so on, with a maximum score of 10, is given for the
following signs: heart rate respiration, color, muscle tone,
and response to stimuli. An Apgar evaluation is also made
at 15 minutes. Infants with low Apgar scores require
prompt medical treatment.
 POST NATAL CHANGES AND
DEVELOPMENT STAGE
DEVELOPMENT AS A LIFELONG PROCESS
 POST NATAL CHANGES AND
DEVELOPMENT STAGE
HEREDITY
 POST NATAL CHANGES AND
DEVELOPMENT STAGE
HEREDITY
 POST NATAL CHANGES AND
DEVELOPMENT STAGE
HEREDITY
 POST NATAL CHANGES AND
DEVELOPMENT STAGE
HEREDITY
 POST NATAL CHANGES AND
DEVELOPMENT STAGE
HEREDITY
 POST NATAL CHANGES AND
DEVELOPMENT STAGE
HEREDITY
 POST NATAL CHANGES AND
DEVELOPMENT STAGE
HEREDITY
 POST NATAL CHANGES AND
DEVELOPMENT STAGE
HEREDITY
 POST NATAL CHANGES AND
DEVELOPMENT STAGE
HEREDITY
POST NATAL CHANGES AND
DEVELOPMENT STAGE
POST NATAL CHANGES AND
DEVELOPMENT STAGE
POST NATAL CHANGES AND
DEVELOPMENT STAGE
POST NATAL CHANGES AND
DEVELOPMENT STAGE
POST NATAL CHANGES AND
DEVELOPMENT STAGE
POST NATAL CHANGES AND
DEVELOPMENT STAGE
POST NATAL CHANGES AND
DEVELOPMENT STAGE
Disorders of Human Development
Disorders of Human Development
Disorders of Human Development
Disorders of Human Development
Disorders of Human Development
Disorders of Human Development
Thank You