Respiratory Sys 2

PULMONARY VOLUMES &
CAPACITIES
SPIROMETERY:
• Method used to record volume movement of air
into and out of lung
• Recorded by spirometer
• A drum inverted over a water chamber counter
balanced by a weight
• In drum – breathing gas
• A tube connected with a mouthpiece
• One breaths – drum rises or falls – recording is
made on sheet of paper
PULMONARY VOLUMES
1) TIDAL VOLUME: volume of air inspired or
expired with each normal breath – 500mls
2) INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME: extra
amount of air inspired over & above TV inspiring
with full force – 3000mls
3) EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME:
maximum extra volume of air expired by
forceful expiration – 1100mls
4) RESIDUAL VOLUME: volume of air remained
in lungs after forceful expiration – 1200mls
PULMONARY CAPACITIES
1) INSPIRATORY CAPACITY: tidal vol +
IRV – 3500mls – amount of air a person can
breathe in ,beginning at normal expiratory
level – distending lungs to max amount
2) FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY:
ERV+RV – amount of air remained in lungs at
end of normal expiration – 2300mls
3) VITAL CAPACITY: IRV + TIDAL VOLUME+
ERV – 4600mls – maximum amount of air a
person can expel first filling the lungs to
maximum extent then expiring to maximum
extent
4) TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY: equals to vital
capacity + residual volume – maximum
volume to which lungs can be expanded with
greatest possible effort – 5800mls
DEAD SPACE
• Areas where gas exchange can never occur
• Nose, pharynx ,trachea
ANATOMICAL DEAD SPACE:
• Space in the nose,pharynx &trachea – anatomical
dead space
PHYSIOLOGICAL DEAD SPACE:
• Some alveoli are non functional
• Measurement of all dead space including that of
alveoli
ALVEOLAR VENTILATION RATE
• Alveolar ventilation per minute is the
total volume of new air entering the
alveoli & adjacent gas exchange areas
each minute
• Equals to respiratory rate times amount
of new air entering these areas with each
breath=4200mls/min
COMPOSITION & EXCHANGE OF
GASES
COMPOSITION OF GASES:
 Different composition of gases in alveolar air
& atmospheric air
 Alveolar air partially replaced by air
 Oxygen & carbon dioxide exchange is occuring
continuously in opposite directions
 Dry atmospheric air entering respiratory
passages is humidified
ATMOSPHERIC AIR HUMIDIFIED AIR ALVEOLAR AIR
NITROGEN 597 563.4 569
OXYGEN 159 149.3 104
CARBON DIOXIDE 0.3 0.3 40
WATER 3.7 47 47
TOTAL 760 760 760

• Gases move from alveoli to blood & in
opposite direction by diffusion
• Energy provided by kinetic motion of
molecules
• Pressure of a gas is caused by multiple
impacts of moving molecules against a surface
• Pressure is directly proportional to conc of a
gas
• Respiratory gases are a mixture of gases
• Rate of diffusion is directly proportional to the
pressure caused by that gas alone
• Called partial pressure of that gas
• E.g. air 79% nitrogen,21% oxygen
• Total pressure 760mmHg,600 by nitrogen &
160 by oxygen
VAPOUR PRESSURE:
• Partial pressure that water molecules exert to
escape through the surface is called vapour
pressure of water
• At 37 C – vapour pressure is 47mmHg
EXCHANGE OF GASES
RESPIRATORY UNIT:
• Also called respiratory lobules
• Composed of respiratory bronchiole,alveolar
ducts,alveoli
• 300 million alveoli in 2 lungs
• Each alveolus – average diameter of 0.2 mm
• Alveolar walls – extremely thin
• b/w alveoli solid thin network of capillaries
• Alveolar gases are in close proximity to blood
of pulmonary capillaries
• Diffusion occurs through respiratoy
membrane also called – pulmonary
membrane
RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE:
• Following are layers of respiratory membrane:
1) Layer of fluid lining alveoli – containing
surfactant
2) Alveolar epithelium
3) Epithelial basement membrane
4) Interstitial space
5) Capillary basement membrane
• Overall thickness 0.2 – 0.6
• Average diameter of pulmonary
capillaries – 0.5micrometers
• RBCs touches the capillary wall
• Increases rapidity of diffusion
FACTORS EFFECTING RAPIDITY OF
DIFFUSION
THICKNESS OF MEMBRANE:
• Increased thickness – rate of diffusion decreases
• Edema & fibrosis – decrease rate of diffusion
SURFACE AREA:
• Decrease surface area – decreases rate of
diffusion
• Removal of lung
• emphysema

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PULMONARY VOLUMES &

NITROGEN 597 563.4 569

OXYGEN 159 149.3 104

CARBON DIOXIDE 0.3 0.3 40

TOTAL 760 760 760

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