5 Short Term Memory 28032024 094416am
5 Short Term Memory 28032024 094416am
5 Short Term Memory 28032024 094416am
• When information comes into our memory system (from sensory input), it needs to be
changed into a form that the system can cope with, so that it can be stored.
• A word which is seen (in a book) may be stored if it is changed (encoded) into a sound or a
meaning.
• There are three main ways in which information can be encoded (changed) and stored in
the brain:
1. Visual (picture)
2. Acoustic (sound)
3. Semantic (meaning)
Storage refers to how you retain/ maintain encoded
information in memory.
Storage of memory determines whether it can be
recalled for later use.
• The multistore model of memory (also known as the modal model) was
proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) and is a structural model.
• The Short-term store was capable of storing information for somewhat longer
periods but of relatively limited capacity as well.
• The Long-term store had a very large capacity and was capable of storing
information for very long periods, perhaps even indefinitely.
• Each store has its own characteristics in terms of encoding, capacity and duration.
SENSORY MEMORY
Duration: ¼ to ½ second
Duration: Unlimited
Capacity: Unlimited
REC
ENC
SPA
Y
N
EFFE
CT
The Span of STM
Recency
(the recency effect).
Effect
Among earlier list items, the first
few items are recalled more
frequently than the middle items
(the primacy effect)
“Chunking” increases the
capacity of STM. The term
refers to the process of
taking individual pieces of
information (chunks) and
grouping them into larger
units
WORKING
MEMORY
• Building on Atkinson’s and Shiffrin’s (1968) multi-store model research, Baddeley
and Hitch (1974) developed an alternative model of short-term memory which they
called working memory.
• Baddeley and Hitch (1974) argue that the picture of short-term memory (STM)
provided by the Multi-Store Model is far too simple.
• According to the Multi-Store Model, STM holds limited amounts of information for
short periods of time with relatively little processing. It is a unitary system. This
means it is a single system (or store) without any subsystems. Working Memory is
not a unitary store.
• Working memory is short-term memory. Instead of all information going
into one single store, there are different systems for different types of
information.
• Drives the whole system. (the boss • (inner eye) • Part of working memory that deals
of working memory) and allocates with spoken and written material.
data to the subsystems: the • Stores and processes information in a It can be used to remember a
phonological loop and the visuo- visual or spatial form. phone number.
spatial sketch pad.
• The VSS is used for navigation. • It consists of two parts;
• It also deals with cognitive tasks 1. Phonological Store
such as mental arithmetic and
problem solving. 2. Articulatory control process
Phonological Store Articulatory control process