Patterns of

Development
 “
- A logical ways to organize an entire
entire text or individual paragraphs
and sections of text.
- A method of organization designed
around the purpose of a text.
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 1.
DEFINITION
Helps clarify and explain concepts by answering the question
"What does it mean?”

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 Signal Words for Definition
is defined as means to define
as defined refers to to illustrate

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Exampl
e1
Social Engineering is defined as any method
which tricks people to share personal information
through the use of technology. The social
component in this scheme means that there is
reliance on various psychological tricks and on the
gullibility of users rather than technical hacking.
Social engineering also refers to various malicious
acts online, such as phishing, spamming, and
pretexting.

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 II.
EXEMPLIFICATION
Presents the general statement and then provides specific and
concrete examples to expound on the main idea.

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 Signal Words for Exemplification
after all for namely that is
as an instance put to be
example in other another specific
consider words way to clarify
the in specifically to illustrate
following particular stated
for in short differently
example

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Example
1
One purpose for incorporating sexual themes
or pictorial material in advertisements is to attract
consumers’ attention to the ad. However, evidence
suggests that use of such material may not always
have an easily predictable or desired effect. For
example, one study found nonsexual and sexual-
romantic themes to have a greater influence on
consumers’ attention than did nudity.

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Example
2
An interesting point about role playing is the
way middle-years and adolescent youngsters play
the role of being their age. One eight year old boy,
for instance, avidly collected baseball cards and
kept track of games and team standings in sports
pages in accordance with the mores of his
neighborhood, even though he had never seen a
baseball game or expressed the slightest interest in
attending one.

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 III.
DESCRIPTION
Descriptive pattern basically provides details on the idea by
using either a sensory or spatial pattern.

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 Signal Words for Spatial Pattern or Visual
Description
above around between in front of onto
across away beyond inside opposite
adjacent from by into outside
to back of down near over
against behind farther off througho
along below here on ut
alongside beneath in on top of to the
amidst beside right
under

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Example
2

My mother had hair so dark that it looked like

a waterfall of ink. She always kept it in a braid that
fell to her slim waist, and always tied with a plain
black band. The braid of black slung over her
shoulder, the plaits shinning like scales.

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Example
1
In front of me is my wide wooden study table spanning from my
window until about two feet away from the door. A faded Mickey Mouse
drawer and a pink dollhouse sat on my study table. My study table is
decorated with books I’ve acquired throughout the years. Above the study
table is a wooden platform. The platform is adorned with a row of books. A
foot above the row of books is my clock, hooked properly on the white wall.
In front of the books are two plastic figures of ponies. The first figure is
shorter. The color of its mane is a vibrant shade of pink, violet, and yellow.
The second is taller by an inch or two. The blue and pink locks of mane are
neatly tied in a braid. A row of seven picture frames are beside the tall action
figure. Under the table is a huge purple container packed with old clothes.
Above the cover of the container are pillows wrapped in a protective
transparent cover.

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 IV.
CHRONOLOGY/
PROCEDURE
Chronological pattern organizes ideas or events according to
time.

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 Signal Words for Chronology
about before in the prior to tomorrow
after during meantime second until
afterwards eventually later soon when
as soon as finally meanwhile then yesterday
at first next till
at this/that immediately next week today
point presently

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Example
1
My family and I went to the Kennedy Space Center
in Florida. The first thing we did when we got there was to
take a tour of a space shuttle that once flew into
space. During our tour, an astronaut showed us her
spacesuit. I even got to try on the space boots. Next, we
tasted the food astronauts eat while they are in space. It
was really different from other foods that I had eaten but it
tasted pretty good. Finally, we got in a special booth that
showed us what it is like to be weightless! It was an
amazing day.

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Example
2
After eating a big bowl of his favorite pasta, he sat
on a sofa in my study and read his science textbook as I
wrote at my desk. We both enjoyed this simple yet
profound togetherness, the two of us focused on our own
projects yet palpably connected. As we worked under the
soft glow of paper lanterns, with the heat on high and our
little dog snoring at his feet, my son began to relax. I could
feel a shift as he began to remember, deep in his body,
that he was home, that he was safe, that he did not have
to brace to protect himself from the expectations of the
outside world.
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Example
3
How to keep your bed organized?
Making your bed is quick and easy. First, pull everything off
your bed. Next, put the sheet with the curved corners over the
mattress and tuck the edges down under the mattress so the
mattress is completely covered and the sheet is smooth. Then put the
top sheet over the mattress sheet so that it covers it completely and
hangs down evenly on all sides except the head. After that, lay your
blanket or quilt evenly over the top sheet. Finally, fold back the
blanket or quilt and the top sheet at the head and put your pillow or
pillows on top of the mattress sheet. You can have your bed looking
beautiful in less than two minutes and with very little effort.

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Example
4
How to Make a Good Cup of Tea
Making a good cup of tea is exquisitely simple. First, the teapot is heated by
filling it with water that has just come to a boil. This water is then discarded, and one
teaspoon of loose tea per cup is placed in the teapot (the exact amount may vary
according to taste). Fresh water that has just come to a boil is poured into the pot. A
good calculation is six ounces of water for each cup of tea. The tea must now steep for
three to five minutes; then it is poured through a strainer into a cup or mug. A pound of
loose tea will yield about two hundred cups of brewed tea. Using a tea bag eliminates
the strainer, but it is still best to make the tea in a teapot so that the water stays
sufficiently hot. The typical restaurant service—a cup of hot water with the tea bag on
the side—will not produce the best cup of tea because the water is never hot enough
when it reaches the table and because the tea should not be dunked in the water; the
water should be poured over the tea. Although tea in a pot often becomes too strong,
that problem can be dealt with very easily by adding more boiling water.

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 V.
LISTING
Does not require the items to be sequenced chronologically
because it does not have the element of time

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 Signal Words for Listing
addition and then further likewise
ally another furthermore moreover
again as well in addition next
along besides in the same together
with equally way with
also important
and

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Example
1
There are several things that you can do to protect
your home against burglars. First, get a burglar alarm.
Second, buy a big dog, like a Rottweiler. Third, put bars
on all your windows. Next, build a high fence around your
property. Then keep a gun in your home. Finally, hire a
security guard.

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Example
2
There are several things you need to bring along
with you each time you come to class. First, you should
have a paper. Furthermore, you need a pen to take notes
with. Moreover, you need to have your textbooks. Also, be
sure to bring your completed homework. In addition, it is
good to have a dictionary. Finally, you ought to have a
book bag to carry everything in.

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 VI.
COMPARISON/
CONTRAST
Organizes ideas based on how events, places, people, things, and
concepts are similar to or different from one another.

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 Signal Words for Comparing

also Equally in the same similarly

as in a similar way to compare
both fashion like
in comparison likewise

Signal Words for Contrasting

although despite instead otherwise

and yet even so however still
as opposed to even though nevertheless the fact remains
but in contrast nonetheless unlike
conversely in spite of on the contrary whereas
counter to in the mean time on the other hand yet

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Example
1
Sleep has always been a fascinating topic. We
spend about one-third of our adult lives sleeping. Most
animals sleep in a similar fashion - they collapse and relax
their muscles. In contrast, birds and horses sleep upright,
with their antigravity muscles at work. Most of us complain
when we have not gotten several hours of sleep. Yet
some people sleep for an hour or less a day and lead
otherwise healthy and normal lives. (3 signal words)

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 VII.
CLASSIFICATION/
DIVISION
Organizes ideas into categories or divisions based on criteria and
standards. This pattern can be used when classifying people,
objects, events, things, places, and other items.

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Signal Words for Classification and Division
another classified as one kind the last
another kind final type the first group
category the next part

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Example
1
Dogs are domesticated animals that have been living with
humans for generations. Dogs can be classified in a number of
different ways. For example, they can be classified by breed.
Examples of different breeds include beagles, basset hounds,
poodles and countless others as defined by the American Kennel
Club (AKC). They can also be classified by their role in the lives of
their masters and the work they do. For example, a dog might be a
family pet, a working dog, a show dog, or a hunting dog. In many
cases, dogs are defined both by their breed and their role.

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Example
2
Different student attend various types of schools; however, they can usually
be classified as either public, private religious, private non religious, or alternative.
Public schools are funded by the state, and the majority of students in the United
States attend them. Private religious schools are based around a particular faith, such
as Catholicism, Judaism, and so forth. The religion is part of the every day lives of
the students and they also learn about the faiths. All types of private schools do not
receive state funding. Therefore, private non religious schools are simply just that:
schools which do not receive state funding and have the ability to make their own
rules. Alternative schools can be made up of a variety of different categories, such as
the Montessori program or technical schools. Most students who attend class in an
actual school building go to one of these types of institutions.

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 VIII.
CAUSE AND EFFECT
Organizes details based on the cause, the reason, and the result
or consequences of a certain phenomenon.

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 Signal Words for Causes
as for in view of (the owing to (the
because (of for the reason fact) fact)
the fact) that in as much as seeing that
being that in that one reason since
due to (the
fact that)

Signal Words for Effects

accordingly consequently in consequence so that
as a consequence for this reason so therefor
as a result (of this) hence so much (so) e
because (of this) that thus

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Example
1

About 75 million people died from the bubonic plague during the
14th century. Half of the population of Italy fell victim to the disease. The
plague caused high fever, swollen glands, dark bruise or sore on the face and
spitting of blood. Most people who got the disease died within five days.
The disease was spread by fleas from rats. Lack of sanitation and poor
medical knowledge account for the continuous plague epidemics throughout
the 14th century.

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Example
2
The advancement in technology and economy has created major changes
in modern society. One of these changes is globalization. As we know, globalization
has affected the world in many ways. First, it served as a catalyst to worldwide
trading, thus allowing countries to access foreign products. Although this had
positive effects, it also posed a real threat to the merchandise of local traders. Second,
globalization affected the financial market. As a result, different countries had more
access to funds, and the exchange in national currencies dramatically increased.
Finally, globalization also led to the privatization of various facilities, such as public
health institutions. These institutions were being privatized due to the idea that the
private sector can better manage and provide health services. In consequence, health
policies become more and more of a commodity on a global scale.

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 IX.
PROBLEM-SOLUTION
Organizes ideas into problems and proposed solutions.

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 Signal Words for Problem-Solution

but nonetheless one the

first, one reason solution is problem
second for the one way is the
solution

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Example
1
In most parts of the world, there are not as many crocodiles as there
used to be. This is a problem because crocodiles are becoming endangered
and also crocodiles are necessary to the balance of nature. Many crocodiles
have died because people dried up the swamps and marches where the
crocodiles live. Poachers have also contributed to the dilemma as crocodiles
have been desired for their strong, smooth, leathery skin. In order to
preserve these mighty creatures, people must take care of the crocodiles
environment and help put a stop to the needless shooting of these animals.

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 X.
PERSUASION
This pattern presents the issue, the position, and the supporting
evidence that supports the position.

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 Signal Words for Emphasizing a Point
again in that to truly
for this case emphas with this
reason indeed ize in mind
in fact to
repeat
Signal Words for Concluding and Summarizing
accordingly consequent in brief inevitably in a
all in all ly in on the nutshell
as a result due to conclusion whole therefore
as I have finally in short since thus
said in any in summary in essence to sum up
event
Signal Words for Conceding a Point
admittedly it is true that obviously true
assuredly needless to of course undoubtedly
certainly say to be sure unquestiona
granted no doubt bly

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Example
1
Euthanasia or mercy killing has been a widely debated issue. It is
an act to end a person’s life to alleviate the suffering brought about by a terminal or
grave illness. While it may be supported by some, mercy killing is not only an
unethical medical practice, it is also a crime. After all, on the most basic level,
euthanasia still takes a life. In fact, majority of the countries in the world, including
those that have legalized it, consider it as a homicide. Aside from being a crime,
euthanasia is unethical in the medical context because it violates the principle of
“primum non no core” which means “first, do no harm”. In their code of ethics,
doctors have the responsibility of saving lives, not destroying them, which is why
euthanasia can never be acceptable.

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 Thanks!
Any questions?

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