5-6 Non Communicable Diseases

Non – Communicable
Diseases
Non-communicable - or
chronic - diseases
•These are diseases of long

duration and generally slow
progression. The four main
types of non-communicable
diseases are cardiovascular
diseases (like heart attacks and
stroke), cancer, chronic
respiratory diseases (such as
chronic obstructed pulmonary
disease and asthma) and
diabetes.
Hypertension • Blood pressure refers to
the force exerted by the
circulating blood on the
walls of blood vessels.
• The pressure of the
circulating blood decreases
as blood moves through
arteries, arterioles,
capillaries, and veins.
• Blood pressure generally
refers to arterial pressure,
i.e. the pressure in the
larger arteries being the
blood vessels which take
blood away from the heart.
Blood pressure consists of two numbers, the systolic
(when the heart beats) and the diastolic pressure
(when the heart relaxes). The systolic pressure is the
number of above the diastolic pressure.
•Normal Blood Pressure

Blood pressure reading
120/80 or lower is
considered normal
HIGH BLOOD
PRESSURE
Blood pressure reading
140/90 or higher is
considered. If one or
both numbers are
usually high you have
high blood pressure or
hypertension.
LOW BLOOD PRESSURE
Blood pressure
that is too low is
known as
hypotension
•RANGE OF HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE
Systolic Diastolic Stages of High

Pressure Pressure Blood Pressure
210 120 4
180 110 3
160 100 2
140 90 1
•RANGE OF NORMAL BLOOD PRESSURE
Systolic Diastolic Stages of High

Pressure Pressure Blood Pressure
130 85 High Normal
Blood Pressure
120 80 Normal Blood
Pressure
110 75 Low Normal
Blood Pressure
•RANGE OF LOW BLOOD PRESSURE
Systolic Pressure Diastolic Stages of High

Pressure Blood Pressure
90 60 Borderline Low
Blood
60 40 Too Low Blood
Pressure
50 33 Dangerously Low
Blood Pressure
Changing your diet and
lifestyle can do much in
PREVENTION OF managing blood pressure
HYPERTENSION 1. Quit smoking
2. Limit the intake of
alcoholic beverages
3. Lose weight if you are
overweight
4. Exercise and eat well –
balanced, nutritious
meals that are low in
fat, salt, and cholesterol
but high in fiber
General signs of high
blood pressure include
headache, dizziness,
pounding, and
nosebleed.
Sign and
Symptoms of These symptoms
typically do not occur
Hypertension until high blood
pressure has reached
an advanced and even a
possibly life –
threatening stage.
Cardiovascular
High blood pressure is the risk of
Disease coronary artery disease, also called
atherosclerosis.
High blood pressure puts added force
against the artery wall. Over time, this
extra pressure can damage the arteries.
These injured arteries tend to become
marrow and hardened by fatty deposits.
They block the flow of blood to the heart
and cannot deliver enough oxygen to the
other parts of the body.
Other causes of
cardiovascular disease are as
follows:
SMOKING
•Cigarette smokers
are at a greater risk
than pipe and cigar
smokers, but all
forms of tobacco are
proven to be
detrimental to the
hearts health.
Overweight
•Persons who
have an excess
body fat are at
a higher risk
than persons of
normal weight
Family history
•Children of
parents who
developed heart
disease before
the age of 55
have a higher
risk developing
heart disease
Age •Risk of heart
disease increases
over the age 45 in
males and over 55
in females
6. Lack of exercise
8. Too much drinking
9. High blood pressure
10. Having high cholesterol level
STROKE
•The brain requires

unobstructed blood flow to
function. Very high
sustained blood pressure
will eventually cause blood
vessels to weaken. These
blood vessels could break
or could leak into the brain.
The area of the brain that
is being fed by the broken
vessels start to die, and
this will cause stroke.
Sign and •Sudden numbness
or weakness of the
Symptoms face, arm or leg,
especially on one
side of the body,
confusion, trouble in
speaking, poor vision
and sudden severe
headache
B.E F.A.S.T
B – BALANCE
• The person may suddenly have trouble with balance or coordination.
E – EYES
• They could experience sudden blurred, double or total loss of vision. This can happen in one or both
eyes.
F – FACE
• Do you notice one side of their face drooping? Ask the person to smile.
A – ARMS
• Are they experiencing weakness in one arm? If they raise both arms, does one drift down?
S – SPEECH
• Is speech slurred, are they unable to speak or are they hard to understand? Ask the person to repeat a
short sentence like, “Remember the Alamo.” Do they repeat the sentence correctly?
T – TIME TO GET HELP
• If you notice any of these symptoms, call 911 and get the person to a hospital immediately.
DIABETES
• Diabetes is also
referred to diabetes mellitus;
• metabolic diseases in which the
person has high blood glucose or
blood sugar, either because of
insulin production is inadequate, or
the cells in the body do not
respond properly to insulin or
both.
• Patients with high blood sugar will
typically experience frequent
urination (polyuria), excessive
thirst (polydipsia), and increased
appetite (polyphagia).
• Diabetes is a classed as
a metabolism disorder.
Metabolism refers to
the body uses digested
food for energy and
growth. Most of what is
eaten is broken down
into glucose. Glucose is a
form of sugar in the
blood. It is principal
source of fuel in the
body.
CANCER
• Cancer is a class of
diseases characterized by out-of-
control cell growth. There are
over 100 different types of
cancer; each is classified by the
type of cell that is initially
affected.
• Cancers harm the body
when damaged cells divide
uncontrollably to form lumps or
masses of tissues called tumors
(except leukemia where cancer
prohibited normal blood function
by abnormal cells division in the
blood stream).
There are five broad groups of cancer, namely:
• 1. Carcinomas are characterized by cells that cover internal and

external parts of the body such as a lung, breast and colon.
• 2. Sarcomas are characterized by cells that are located in the
bone, cartilage, fat, connective tissue, muscle and other
supportive.
• 3. Lymphomas are cancers that begin in the lymph nodes and
immune system tissues.
• 4. Leukemia is cancer that begins in the bone marrow and often
accumulates in the bloodstream.
• 5. Adenomas are cancer that arises in the thyroid, pituitary
gland, adrenal gland and other glandular tissues.

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Non – Communicable

•These are diseases of long

•Normal Blood Pressure

Systolic Diastolic Stages of High

Systolic Diastolic Stages of High

Systolic Pressure Diastolic Stages of High

•The brain requires

• 1. Carcinomas are characterized by cells that cover internal and

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