Beam

Beams (Euler-Bernoulli FE Formulation)
fentahun ayalneh
FE Formulation of Beam Stiffness Matrix Based on
Euler-Bernoulli
 A beam is a long, slender structural member generally subjected to
transverse loading that produces significant bending effects as
opposed to twisting or axial effects. This bending deformation is
measured as a transverse displacement and a rotation.
 Hence, the degrees of freedom considered per node are a transverse
displacement and a rotation.
 To determine deflection, stress and strains of a beam the governing
differential equation of Euler-Bernoulli assumes
 The deflections are small
 The beam is made of alinear elastic isotropic maerial
 Plane sections normal to the beam axis remain plane and normal
to the axis after deformation (no shear stress)
 Transverse deflection (deflection curve) is function of x: v(x)
 Displacement in x-dir is function of x and y: u(x, y)
Cont...
❑ ❑ 2 2 ❑ 2
𝑑 𝑣 𝑑 𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝑀=−∫ 𝑦 𝜎 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝐴=¿ ∫ 𝑦 (− 𝐸𝑦 2∫
2
2
)𝑑𝐴=− 𝐸 𝑦 𝑑𝐴=𝐸𝐼 2
¿
𝐴 𝐴 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝐴 𝑑𝑥
Cont...
2
𝑑 𝑣
𝑀 = 𝐸𝐼 2For small diffrential element pdx =0 as dx =0
𝑑𝑥
 Combining three equations together
2 4
𝑑 𝑣 𝑑 𝑣
𝑀 = 𝐸𝐼 2
= 𝐸𝐼 4
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Cont...
 Now to appy the principle of minimum potential energy we need

to determine strain energy and work done by external force
Cont...
 Potential energy of Applied loads
 Total Potential energy
Now we can apply RAYLEIGH-RITZ method

 Assume a deflection shape
𝑣 (𝑥)=𝑐 1 𝑓 1 (𝑥)+𝑐2 𝑓 2 (𝑥)...𝑐 𝑛 𝑓 𝑛 (𝑥)
Unknown coefficients ci and known function fi(x)
Deflection curve v(x) must satisfy displacement boundary
conditions
𝑣 (𝑥)=𝑐
 Obtain potential energy as 1 𝑓 1 (𝑥)+𝑐
function 2 𝑓 2 (𝑥)...𝑐 𝑛 𝑓 𝑛 (𝑥)
of coefficients
 Apply the principle of minimum potential energy to determine the

coefficients
 Select a Displacement Function
 Assume the transverse displacement variation through the element
length to be v(x)
 The cubic displacement function is appropriate because there are

four total degrees of freedom (a transverse displacement and a
small rotation at each node).
 The cubic function also satisfies the basic beam differential

equation—further justifying its selection.
 In addition, the cubic function also satisfies the conditions of
displacement and slope continuity at nodes shared by two
elements.
 By appling boundary conditions, we can express v as a function of
the nodal degrees𝑣of freedom 𝑑𝑣 (0) 𝑑𝑣 ( 𝐿)
( 0)=𝑣 1 , 𝑣 ( 𝐿)=𝑣 2 , =𝜃 1 , =𝜃2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

 Substitute into v(x) and simplify, the deflection shape function is
𝑣 ( 𝑥 )=𝑣 1 + 𝜃 1 𝑥 + ¿
1
𝑣 ( 𝑥)= 3 [ ( 𝐿
3
−3 𝑥
2
𝐿+2 𝑥
3
) 𝑣 1 +( 𝑥𝐿
3
− 2 𝑥
2 2
𝐿 + 𝐿 𝑥
3
) 𝜃 1 +(3 𝑥
2
𝐿− 2 𝑥
3
) 𝑣 2 + 𝐿(− 𝑥
2
𝐿+ 𝑥
3
)𝜃2
𝐿
Hence shape functions

=[N]{q}
 N1, N2, N3, and N4 are called the shape functions for a beam
element. These cubic shape functions are known as Hermite cubic
interpolation (or cubic spline) functions.
 For the beam element, N1 =1 when evaluated at node 1 and N1= 0
when evaluated at node 2.
 Because N2 is associated with , we have, dN2/ dx= 1 when
evaluated at node 1 and 0 when evaluated at node 2. Shape
functions N3 and N4 have analogous results for node 2.
Cont...
 FE interpolation function for beam element having four nodal dof
is Vector of nodal DOF
 Length L of the beam is scaled to 1 using scaling parameter s and

the deflection curve v(s) in terms of s isAppling four boundary conditions
𝑑𝑣 ( 0) 𝑣 ( 0)=𝑣 1
=𝜃1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 (1)
=𝜃2 𝑣 (1)=𝑣 2
𝑑𝑥
Cont...
 Express four cofficents interms of nodal dof
 
 Substitute into vs and simplify, the deflection interpolation function

is 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3
𝑣 ( 𝑠)=(1 −3 𝑠 + 2 𝑠 ) 𝑣 1 + 𝐿(𝑠 − 2 𝑠 +𝑠 ) 𝜃1 +(3 𝑠 −2 𝑠 )𝑣 2 + 𝐿(− 𝑠 +𝑠 ) 𝜃2
Hence shape functions

=[N]{q}
Cont...
 The curvature is the 2nd derivative and related to strain and

stress
=
 Approximation of bending moment and shear force
 = Linear
 =
Cont...
 Hence finite element equation using PMPE, considering a beam
is divided by NEL elements with constant sections
 2 dx =2 ds
Approximate curvature in terms of nodal DOF
Cont...
Approximate element strain energy in terms of nodal DOF
Symmetric, positive semi-definite Proportional to EI and Inversely

proportional to L
Cont...
Example : Determine the element stiffness matrix and assemble the
global one
Cont...
 The potential energy of applied loads
For concentrated loads and cuples
For distributed loads

Cont...
FE equation for elemnt
FE equation for Global

Thank you!!!

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Beams (Euler-Bernoulli FE Formulation)

 Now to appy the principle of minimum potential energy we need

 Total Potential energy

Now we can apply RAYLEIGH-RITZ method

 Apply the principle of minimum potential energy to determine the

 The cubic displacement function is appropriate because there are

 The cubic function also satisfies the basic beam differential

 Substitute into v(x) and simplify, the deflection shape function is

Hence shape functions

 Length L of the beam is scaled to 1 using scaling parameter s and

 Substitute into vs and simplify, the deflection interpolation function

Hence shape functions

 The curvature is the 2nd derivative and related to strain and

 Approximation of bending moment and shear force

Symmetric, positive semi-definite Proportional to EI and Inversely

For distributed loads

FE equation for elemnt

FE equation for Global

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