Designed By :

Mr. Sumeet Prashar

Assistant Professor (ECE)
 IOT: INTRODUCTION

 The Internet of Things (IoT) describes the network of physical objects—“things”—that are embedded
with sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose of connecting and exchanging data with
other devices and systems over the internet.
 Digital systems can record, monitor, and adjust each interaction between connected things.
 IOT is a term that refers to connection of objects to each other & to humans through the internet.
 Taking everyday things embedding them with electronics, software, sensors & then connecting them to
internet & enabling them to collect & exchange data without human intervention is called as the IOT.
 Everything around us is a thing like chair , table, laptop etc. we want chair to talk to laptop ( Both are
heterogenous objects): How do we enable it ?
 We want this laptop to turned ON as person sits on chair i.e. two physical objects talking to each
other without human intervention for the betterment of many things ( for e.g. Power saving as
laptop would only be turned ON if person sits on it otherwise not, it means sensor is connected to
the system which senses the presence of human and then will give command to laptop to turned it
ON ).
IOT connects objects & make them “ talk to each other” & share information among themselves &
use that information for action.
 A new world of smart devices will make human life easier.
 Connectivity is a human need & desire.
 Roads connected places.
 Telephone connected people.
 Internet connect people & communities
 IOT make entire world ( every object) deeply & widely connected.
 IOT make every object
 Addressable
 Accessible
 Actionable
IOT Architecture
 IOT Architecture

 There are Four layers in IOT Architecture or IOT is based on 4 building blocks, also known as IOT
architecture layers.
 Sensing Layer:
 This layer is made up of physical objects integrated with sensors ( smart devices & objects) & actuators. These sensors
accept data from atmosphere or place ( like temperature sensor senses temperature from the room) emit/share it through IOT
Gateway.
 Network Layer:
 In this layer Network gateways, Data acquisition systems are present. DAS ( Data Acquisition system) performs data
aggregation ( collection) & conversion function ( Analog data of sensor to digital data ). Gateways act as a carrier between
the internal network of sensor nodes with the internet. Gateways also performed many functionalities like filtering, Data
management etc.
 Data Processing Layer:
 The data transmitted through the gateway is stored & processed securely with the cloud server ( data centers), from where
data is accessed by software application ( termed as business application). The processed data is used to perform intelligent
actions that make all our devices smart. Here Analytics over data is performed, which is the process of converting data
from billion of smart devices & sensors into useful insights which can be interpreted & used for detailed analysis.
 IOT Architecture

 Application Layer:
 End user application or Mobile Apps will help end users to control & monitor their devices from remote locations.
these apps, takes important information from the cloud & display it on your smart phones, tablets etc. The main task
here are visualization & management of important information.
 With the help of these applications, users can send command to actuators to perform some actions like changing
default temperature of Air conditioner etc.
 Components of IOT

# Gateways can be configured to # IOT cloud offers tools to collect, # User interface should be well
# Smart sensors are continuously perform preprocessing of process & store huge amount of designed, so that user can perform
Collecting data from environment collected data from thousand of data. minimum efforts to operate the
& transmit the information to the sensors locally before # Analytics is the process of IOT.
next layer Gateway. transmitting it to next layer converting data from billion of
(Cloud). smart devices & sensors into
# It acts as a middle layer between useful insights which can be
# Most modern smart devices &
devices & cloud to protect the interpreted & used for detailed
sensors can be connected to low
system from malicious attacks & analysis.
power wireless networks like Wi-
unauthorized access.
Fi , Zigbee, Bluetooth etc.
Application of IOT : In Farmhouse
 Impacts/Importance of IoT in society
• The Internet of Things is all about connecting machines and systems together via
sensors and actuators. Meaningful information from these systems can be
collected and actions are taken to enhance productivity and efficiency. IoT
promises a way to reduce waste, costs, and inconveniences.
 Smart homes and offices can save energy costs.
 Offering better security by constant surveillance
 Taking active action, such as alerting the local police body in case of a security breach
 Remote monitoring of patients and providing medication for them is an impact of the Internet of Things on
society through improved health care
 Smart lighting of streets and auto-sensing as well as control of traffic signal
 Remote Monitoring of assembly line and production system to maximize efficiency, safety, and reliability in
a manufacturing firm
 Smart automobiles that can provide assistance if required, assist in controlling vehicle speed on the basis
of traffic and environmental conditions
 Sensors

 As we know that Human Beings collect information of the surroundings using their sense
organs(sensors) namely eyes, ears, nose, skin etc. in order to perform various tasks.
 Similarly systems must interact with their environment to do useful tasks, so they use sensors &
Actuators.
 Without use of sensors there would be no Automation.
 Purpose : To detect events or change in its environment & send the information to other electronic
devices.
 Sensor is a device that measure a physical variable ( e.g. temperature, pressure, flow ) & convert that
physical quantity into another form ( electrical form) which can be read by an observer or by an
instrument.
 Example : Heat is converted into electrical signal in a temperature sensor.
Atmospheric pressure is converted to electrical signals in a barometer.
 Properties/Features of Sensors

1) It is only sensitive to the measured property.

Example: A temperature sensor senses the ambient temperature of a room.
2) It is insensitive to any other property likely to be encountered in its
applications.
Example: A temperature sensor does not bother about light or pressure
while sensing the temperature.
3) It does not influence the measured property.
Example: Measuring the temperature does not increase or decrease the
temperature.
• Sensors:
 A sensor is a device that takes physical input from its surroundings and turns it into data that can be
analyzed by humans or machines.
 Sensor is a device used for the conversion of physical events or characteristics into the electrical
signals. This is a hardware device that takes the input from environment and gives to the system by
converting it.
 For example, a thermometer takes the temperature as physical characteristic and then converts it into
electrical signals for the system.

• Actuator:
 Actuator is a device that converts the electrical signals into the physical events or characteristics. It
takes the input from the system and gives output to the environment.
For example, motors and heaters are some of the commonly used actuators.
 Sensor vs Actuator
SENSOR ACTUATOR

It converts physical characteristics into electrical It converts electrical signals into physical
signals. characteristics/Actions.

It takes input from output conditioning unit of

It takes input from environment.
system.

It gives output to input conditioning unit of system. It gives output to environment.

Sensor generated electrical signals. Actuator generates heat or motion/physical actions.

It is placed at input port of the system. It is placed at output port of the system.

It is used to measure the continuous and discrete

It is used to measure the physical quantity.
process parameters.

It gives information to the system about

It accepts command to perform a function.
environment.

Example: Photo-voltaic cell which converts light

Example: Stepper motor where electrical energy
energy into electrical energy, Temperature sensors
drives the motor.
etc.
 Sensors Classification

Based on Output Based on Data Type

Analog Sensor Scaler Sensor

Digital Sensor Vector Sensor

 ANALOG SENSOR DIGITAL SENSOR

The term "analog sensor" refers to various sensors Digital sensors, unlike analog sensors, produce
that create a continuous analog output signal. discrete values (0 and 1).

Examples include accelerometers, pressure sensors,

light sensors, sound sensors, temperature sensors, and Example include Proximity Sensor, IR Sensor (Infrared
so on Sensor), Smoke, Gas sensors.

The external factors (wind speed, solar radiation, light

On the other hand, a digital sensor produces a discrete
intensity, etc.) are sensed by an analog sensor, which
outputs an analog voltage. As a result, the output signal that is typically comprised of two values, which
voltage may range from 0 to 5V are low and high .

Deterioration by noise. Noise immune without Deterioration

Consumes less power.

Consumes more power.

Represented by Sine waves. Denoted by square wave.

Analog vs Digital Sensor
Parameters Scalar sensor Vector sensor

Vector quantity (magnitude and

Measured quantity Scalar quantity (magnitude only)
direction)

Multiple values (magnitude and

Output format Single scalar value
direction components)

Represented by multiple numbers

(components). e.g. Magnetic
Represented by a single number. Field Sensor measures the
e.g. Light sensor measures the strength and direction of the
Representation
intensity of light, providing a magnetic field at a specific
scalar value (e.g. 500 lux) location. The output includes
both magnitude and direction
(e.g., 30 μT north).

Describes magnitude of the Describes both magnitude and

Physical property
phenomenon direction of the phenomenon

Temperature sensor, Pressure Accelerometer, Magnetic field

Examples
sensor, Light sensor sensor, Gyroscope
Various types of Sensors
 Disadvantages of IoT

• High Internet Dependency- IOT systems are tethered to the internet, without a stable
connection, their reliability is compromised.
• Lack of International Standardization- The absence of Global standards for IoT means
devices from different manufacturers may not communicate seamlessly.
• Risk of System Wide failure- A single Bug or Cyberattack could jeopardize the Entire
IoT network.
• Job Displacement Risks- Advanced IoT applications, like automated assembly lines and
self driving vehicles could threaten human jobs in certain sectors.
 INTEROPERABILITY ISSUE IN IOT

 IOT uses different devices, these devices are made by different vendors following
different specifications, following different protocols, there is no one standard for IOT .
Even user profile is also very different leading to huge diversity in the system.

Main issue is heterogeneity of the devices, protocols etc.

 Solution is to provide some kind of interoperability between these devices ( as one device
follow one protocol and other follow second protocol so how they will communicate as they
are using different languages).
 Some kind of handshaking ( middle man) should there in order to make communication
possible between these different devices.
 WHY INTEROPERABILITY IS
REQUIRED ?
 Heterogeneity
 Different wireless communications protocols such as Zigbee ( IEEE802.15.4), Bluetooth ( 802.15.1), GPRS, Wi-
Fi(IEEE802.11) .
 Different wired communication protocols like Ethernet ( IEEE 802.3) and Higher layer LAN protocols ( IEEE 802.1)
 Different programming languages used in computing systems and websites such as JavaScript,
JAVA, C,C++, Visual Basic ,Python etc.
 Different Database: DB2, MySQL, Oracle, PostgreSQL ETC.
 INTEROPERABILITY

 Interoperability is a characteristic of a product or system whose interface are completely

understood, to work with other system or products, present or future in either
implementation or access, without any restriction.
 Communicate meaningfully.
 Exchange data or services.
 Why Interoperability is important in context of IOT:
 Any device can communicate with other device anytime from anywhere.
 Current Challenges in IOT

 Large scale of Co-operation.

 The cooperation and coordination of millions of distributed devices are required on Internet.
 Global Heterogeneity:
 Heterogenous IOT devices and their subnets.
 Unknown IOT Device Configuration:
 The different configuration modes for IOT Devices which comes from unknown owners.
 Semantic Conflicts:
 Different processing logics applied to same IOT network devices
CCT in Germany CCT in China

Analyzing Data from Both Germany & China in U.S

 CLOUD in IOT ?

• Cloud computing: The cloud is where the vast amounts of data generated by IoT
devices are stored, processed and analyzed. Cloud computing platforms provide
the infrastructure and tools needed to store and analyze this data, as well as to
build and deploy IoT applications.
• Big data analytics: To make sense of the vast amounts of data generated by IoT
devices, businesses need to use advanced analytics tools to extract insights and
identify patterns. These tools can include machine learning algorithms,
data visualization tools and predictive analytics models.
• IoT in the cloud means storing and processing the massive amounts of data generated by interconnected devic
es in the cloud, rather than on local servers or in traditional data centers
1
.
An IoT cloud is a massive network that supports IoT devices and applications, providing the underlying infras
tructure, servers, storage, services, and standards needed for real-time operations and analytics
2
. Some of the benefits of IoT in the cloud are:
• Large network access: Users can access cloud computing resources from a wide range of devices, such as
mobile phones, tablets, laptops, etc.
• On-demand service: Users can scale the service according to their needs, without requiring special
permission or assistance.
• Fast and flexible: Users can expand storage space, edit software settings, and work with the number of users
as needed.
• Resource pooling: Users can share resources and collaborate with each other more easily.
• Security: Cloud solutions provide reliable authentication and encryption protocols for IoT devices and
applications.
• Cost-effective: Users only pay for what they use, based on their usage statistics.
• Some examples of IoT cloud platforms are Azure IoT, AWS IoT, Google Cloud IoT, etc. These
platforms offer various features and tools for building, deploying, and managing IoT applications in the
cloud.
 Designed By :
Mr. Sumeet Prashar
Assistant Professor (E16484)