Ajay

HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE
NAME:- AJAY KUMAR PANDIT

GUIDED BY:-PRIYADARSHINI
PRADHAN
INTRODUCTION
 A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) augments an electricvehicle (EV) with a second

source of power referred toas the alternative power unit (APU).
 A hybrid can achieve the cruising range and performance advantages of
conventional vehicles withthe low-noise, low-exhaust emissions, and energy
independence benefits of electric vehicles.
 Accordingly, the hybrid concept, where the alternative power unit is used as a
second source of energy, is gaining acceptance and is overcoming some of the
problems of pure electric vehicles.
WHAT IS HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE
 Any vehicle that combines 2 or more sources of power is said to be hybrid.

For example, a moped (a motorized pedal bike), diesel-electric hybrid
locomotives.
 Relies not only on batteries but also on an internal combustion engine
which drives a generator to provide electricity and may also drive a wheel.
 Alternative power unit to supply the power required by the vehicle, to
recharge the batteries, and to power bos accessories like the air conditioner
and heater.
HYBRID STRUCTURE
 Two types of hybrid vehicle configurations

1. Parallel Hybrids
2. Series Hybrid
PARALLEL HYBRID
 Fuel tank, which supplies gasoline to the engine.

 Set of batteries that supplies power to an electric motor.
 Both the engine and the electric motor can turn the transmission at the
same time, and the transmission then turns the wheels.
PARALLEL (CONTD.)
 When the APU is off, the parallel hybrid runs like an electric vehicle.
 When the APU is on, the controller divides energy between the drive train
(propulsion) and the batteries (energy storage).
 Under acceleration, more power is allocated to the drive train than to the
batteries. During periods of idle or low speeds, more power goes to the
batteries than the drive train.
 The batteries also provide additional power to the drive train when the APU
is not producing enough and also to power auxiliary systems such as the air
conditioner and heater.
SERIES HYBRID
 Similar to an electric vehicle with an on- board generator.

 The vehicle runs on battery power like a pure electric vehicle until the
batteries reach a predetermined discharged level.
 At that point the APU turns on and begins recharging the battery.
 The APU operates until the batteries are charged to a predetermined level.
 APU never directly powers the vehicle.
SERIES (CONTD.)
 The length of time the APU is on depends on the size of the batteries and
the APU itself.
 Since the APU is not directly connected to the drive train, it can be run at its
optimal operating condition; hence, fuel economy is increased and
emissions are reduced relative to a pure IC engine vehicle.
COMPONENTS OF HEV
Electric drive motors
 To provide the power for propulsion.
 converts electric energy to mechanical energy (motion) to drive the hybrid
vehicle.
 Direct Current Motors, Alternating Current Motors.
 The two possible configurations of electric drive motors in a hybrid vehicle
 single electric motor connected to the wheels through a drive train and
multiple electric motors, one located at each wheel.
Auxiliary Power Units
 Supplies the baseline power required to the vehicle, recharges the batteries and
powers accessories such as the air conditioner and heater.
 The APU can consist of a mechanical type engine or a fuel cell.
 spark Ignition Engine, Compression Ignition Engines, Fuel ells
COMPONENTS (CONTD)
Generators
 To convert the mechanical power into electrical power when used in a
series hybrid.
Energy Storage Systems
 Peak power required in hybrid vehicles is met by devices like batteries,
capacitors or a flywheel.
 store energy and readily release it when needed.
COMPONENTS (CONTD.)
Regenerative Braking
 some of the energy is converted into electrical energy and stored.
 Rotational energy of the braking mechanism generates electrical power and
stores it in the batteries.
Control Systems
 contains two main components-command and power components.
 command component manages and processes the driver’s instructions.
 power component chops power flows to control the motor’s power intake.
FUEL CELL HYBRID VEHICLE
 Electric vehicle equipped with a fuel cell

 Use hydrogen as a fuel and power the electric battery when it is depleted
 In the 21 century, the auto fuel will be replaced by such regenerative resources
as hydrogen and the power system with traditional internal combustion
engine will be replaced by hybrid system and finally be replaced by fuel cell
power system to realize multi-resources, electric driving and zero emission.
 For the fuel cell hybrid electric bus developed, high- pressure PEMFC and high-
power NiMH battery pack forms the hybrid system.
 In order to obtain the higher fuel efficiency and avoid the frequent charge &
discharge of battery pack, the active control for the fuel cell pack to follow the
driver’s pedal and the surplus peak power from NiMH battery pack passively is
used.
FUEL CELL HYBRID POWER TRAIN SYSTEM
 Fuel Cell Hybrid Power Train Structure.

 Fuel Cell Indirect Power System.
 FCE is connected with ESS in parallel afterDC/DC converter.

 Better for the optimization and control of the FCE and is an economics
selection for the fuel cell vehicle nowadays.
.
 Fuel Cell Direct Power System
 FCE’s output is directly inputted to DC/AC and the ESS is connected with the
FCE’s output in parallel after a bidirectional DC/DC.
 FCE outputs power directly into DC/AC, the FCE must have good dynamic
response to output enough power quickly to meet the vehicle’s driving
performance requirement and good voltage maintained performance to
avoid the large voltage drop of bus line and the large torque drop of electric
motor. On the other side, the FCE | must be overlarge to avoid the possible
damage.
PROBLMES IN FC HEV
 To transport and store hydrogen fuel in the vehicle.

 The cost of producing a powerful fuel cell is high.
 The size and weight issue as fuel cells powerful enough to power a car or
truck are still rather bulky and heavy.
 However technology is maturing fast, so fuel cells may well prove to be a
viable option in automotive technology in the not so distant future.
HYBRID MILEAGE TIPS
 Drive slower - The aerodynamic drag on the car increases dramatically the
faster you drive. For example, the drag force at 70 mph (113 kph) is about
double that at 50 mph (81 kph). So, keeping your speed down can increase
your mileage significantly.
 Maintain a constant speed - Each time you speed up the car you use energy,
some of which is wasted when you slow the car down again. By maintaining a
constant speed, you will make the most efficient use of your fuel.
 Avoid abrupt stops - When you stop your car, the electric motor in the hybrid
acts like a generator and take some of the energy out of the car while slowing
it down. If you give the electric motor more time to slow the vehicle, it can
recover more of the energy. If you stop quickly, the brakes on the car will do
most of the work of slowing the car down, and that energy will be wasted
CONCLUSION
 Using the concept of Hybridization of cars results in better efficiency and

also saves a lot of fuel in today’s fuel deficit world.
 A hybrid gives a solution to all the problems to some extent.
 lf proper research and development is done in this field, hybrid vehicle
promises a practical, efficient, low pollution vehicle for the coming era.
 One can surely conclude that this concept and the similar ones to follow
with even better efficiency & conservation rate are very much on the anvil
in today’s energy deficit world.
REFERENCE
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HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE

NAME:- AJAY KUMAR PANDIT

 A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) augments an electricvehicle (EV) with a second

 Any vehicle that combines 2 or more sources of power is said to be hybrid.

 Two types of hybrid vehicle configurations

 Fuel tank, which supplies gasoline to the engine.

 Similar to an electric vehicle with an on- board generator.

 Electric vehicle equipped with a fuel cell

 Fuel Cell Hybrid Power Train Structure.

 FCE is connected with ESS in parallel afterDC/DC converter.

 Fuel Cell Direct Power System

 To transport and store hydrogen fuel in the vehicle.

 Using the concept of Hybridization of cars results in better efficiency and

 For image google image

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