IB Measuring Energy Changes

MEASURING ENERGY
CHANGES
IB CHEMISTRY
Measuring energy changes
• Chemical Potential Energy: Energy stored in chemical bonds of reactants
and products
• Heat: Represented by symbol q is energy transferred from warmer body to
cooler body. It is a form of energy
• Kinetic Energy: energy that a body possesses by virtue of being in motion
• Temperature: Measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles
Chemical Energy
• When examining energy changes involved in a chemical reaction, we divide the
universe into parts:
• System: The focus, which is the chemical reaction
• Open System: Transfer of matter and energy is possible across its boundary
• Closed System: Transfer of matter and is not possible across the boundary
• Isolated System: Matter can neither enter or exit the system
• Surroundings: The apparatus in which the reaction is taking place in
• When a chemical reaction takes place, there are bonds broken and bonds made
• Energy required to break bond is called bond disassociation energy and is
an endothermic process
• Energy released when new bond is created is an exothermic process
Closed system
Open system
Isolated system
Thermochemistry: is the study of heat changes that occur during
chemical reactions
• At constant pressure, the change in enthalpy ΔH (measured in
kJ mol-1) is defined as heat transferred by closed
system during chemical reactions
Enthalpy and thermochemistry
Enthalpy is an example of a state function. A state function is

measurement in which you only record the initial and final,
ignoring any changes which occur throughout a measurement
Activation energy, Ea - is the minimum energy required for the
reaction to take place
Exothermic and Endothermic reactions
• Exothermic Reaction: Heat is transferred from system to

surroundings, ΔH is negative.
• Endothermic Reaction: Heat is absorbed from surroundings,
ΔH is positive.
Energy profiles
Calculations
q=mcΔT is a relationship used to calculate the heat of a group
• Standard Enthalpy Change of Reaction
Change in enthalpy measured at 25°C and pressure of 100 kPa. Denoted
by ΔHѳ
• Enthalpy Change of Formation
The standard enthalpy of formation is a measure of the energy released or
consumed when one mole of a substance is created under standard
conditions from its pure elements.
The energy change upon formation of 1 mol of a substance. Denoted by
ΔHѳf
• Enthalpy Change of Combustion
Heat evolved upon the complete combustion of 1 mol of a substance.
Denoted by ΔHѳc
Specific heat capacity
1. When 100 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH(aq),
is added to 100 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, HCl(aq),
the temperature increases from 19.3 oC to 26.1 oC. Determine the
enthalpy change of neutralization for the reaction.
2. 1.21 g of ethanol, C2H5OH, was burned in a spirit burner. The
heat produced raised the temperature of 400 g of water placed in a
beaker above the flame from 17.0 oC to 29.9 oC.
(i) Calculate the enthalpy change, in kJ mol-1, for the reaction
taking place.
(ii) State four reasons why this value is not equal to – 1371 kJ mol-
1
which is the data book value for the standard enthalpy of
combustion of ethanol.
A student determined the enthalpy change for the reaction:
CuSO4(aq) + Zn(s) → Cu(s) + ZnSO4(aq)
She placed 50 cm3 of 0.140 mol dm-3 copper sulfate solution in a polystyrene cup and recorded
the temperature for two minutes before adding an excess of zinc powder. She continued
stirring and taking the temperature for a further fifteen minutes to produce the graph below.
• (i) Determine the temperature increase if there had
been no heat lost to the surroundings and hence the
enthalpy change for the reaction.
• (ii) State two assumptions that have been made in
order to calculate the answer above from the data
given.
• 4. Consider the following enthalpy level diagram:
(i) What process is occurring during this reaction?
(ii) Distinguish between energy and enthalpy.
(iii) Explain whether the products are more or less thermodynamically stable than
the reactants.

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MEASURING ENERGY

Enthalpy is an example of a state function. A state function is

• Exothermic Reaction: Heat is transferred from system to

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