CE-205 Civil Engineering Construction & Graphics Updated on: 25.03.

2024

Brick and Stone Masonry

Instructor: Dr. Muhammad Tahir

[email protected]

[email protected]

+92-3468455996

Engineering Studio

Civil Engineering Department,

University of Engineering & Technology
(UET), Lahore, Narowal Campus 1
Contents
1. Brick 11. Tools
2. Characteristic of brick 12. Brick Courses & Closures
3. Advantage 13. Orientation
4. Classification 14. Rules
5. Qualities of Brick 15. Bond
6. Size 16. Defects
7. Tests of brick
8. Brick Masonry
9. Types
10. Joint

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1. Brick

※ Brick is a building unit ,which is in the form of rectangular block in

which length to breadth ratio is 2 but height can be different.

※ Brick is a standard-sized load- bearing building unit.

※ Several bricks are laid together in stacks.

※ Mortar paste is placed on top of each to form a firm bond.

※ Bricks are laid to form the structure.

※ There are different ways in which bricks are laid and is termed as

bonds.

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2. Characteristic of Bricks
※ Brick will not burn, buckle or melt.
※ Brick will not rot and allow Termites to invade.
※ Brick will not rust and corrode.
※ Brick will not dent.
※ Brick will not fade from the Sun’s UV Rays.
※ Brick will not be damaged by high winds , rain or hail.
※ Brick will not require constant maintains.
※ Brick will not devalue.
※ Brick will not limit your personal expression.
※ Brick will not limit your design options.

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3. Advantages of Brick Masonry
※ The Brick masonry is cheaper than stone masonry.
※ Bricks are of uniform size.
※ Bricks are very workable .
※ Brick blocks don’t need any dressing.
※ Bricks are very light in weight.
※ No complicated lifting devices are necessary in brick work.
※ There is no problem to its availability.
※ They do not require transportation from long distances.
※ Brick work can be done by the less skilled labours also.
※ Bonding strength is very good and brick work is more durable.

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4. Classification of bricks

FIRST CLASS BRICKS

 This are table moulded.
 Surface & edges are sharp, square ,smooth , straight.
 Well brunt & have uniform texture ,metallic ringing when struck against each other.
 Used for superior work.

SECOND CLASS BRICKS

 This are ground moulded brick.
 Surface are rough.
 The quality of this bricks are inferior.

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4. Classification of bricks

THIRD CLASS BRICKS

 The surface & edges are rough.
 Does not create any metallic sound.
 Used for temporary & unimportant structure.

FOURTH CLASS BRICKS

 This bricks are over brunt.
 Irregular shape & dark colour.
 Used in floor , foundation, roads.

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5. Qualities Of Good Bricks
1. Bricks should be uniform in shape & standard in size.
2. Bricks should give a clear metallic ringing sound when struck with each other.
3. Bricks should show a bright homogeneous & free from voids.
4. Bricks should be well brunt and possess sharp edges.
5. Colour of the bricks should be uniform and bright.
6. Bricks should be sufficiently hard & no impression should be left on bricks surface when scratched
with finger nail.
7. Bricks should have crushing strength above 10 N/mm”.
8. The bricks should not absorb water more than 20% by weight when soaked in cold water for 24
hrs.
9. The bricks should not show any deposits of white salts when allowed to dry in shade.
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6. Sizes of Brick

Nominal size

A standard metric brick has coordinating dimensions of 225 x 112.5 x 75 mm (9” x 4.5” x 3”)

including mortar.

Architectural size

Working dimensions (actual dimensions) of 215 x 102.5 x 65 mm (8.5” x 4” x 2.5”)

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7. Tests for bricks

Absorption:- The brick should not absorb water more than 20% of dry weight.

Crushing strength:- The minimum crushing strength of bricks is 2000 PSI

Hardness :- Brick is treated to be sufficient hard if no impression could be made on the surface of

the brick by finger nail.

Soundness :- Two bricks when struck with each other should emit metallic ringing sound.

Structure :- It should be homogeneous ,compact ,and free from any defects.

Shape & size :- Standard size and shapes should be truly rectangular with sharp edges and smooth

surface.

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8. Brick Masonry

MASONARY :-Arrangement of building units bonded together with mortar.

BRICK MASONRY:-The art of laying bricks in mortar in a proper systematic manner giving

homogeneous mass which can withstand forces without disintegration, called Brick masonry.

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9. Types of Brick Masonry
Brick work in cement
Brick work in mud
o The cement-sand mortar is used to fill up the joints.
o The mud is used to fill up the joints.

o If the surface and edges of bricks are sharp, then

o Thickness of the mortar joint is 12 mm.
the thickness of mortar joints doesn’t exceed 10mm
o Cheapest
o If the bricks are rough and shape is slightly
o Maximum height of wall is 4 m.
irregular, then the thickness of mortar joint is 12

mm.

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10. Masonry Joint
Weathered joint :- Mortar joint has sloped (downwards)
edge.

Concave joint :- Joint concave inwards.

Vee joint :- Mortar joint is the form of V.

Flush joint :- Mortar joint is flush with the brick surface.

Raked joint :- A large portion of the mortar joint is raked

out,

not a safe ,permeable joint.

Struck joint :- Mortar joint has aslope (upwards) edge.

Grapevine Joint:- raked joint with indented line in the center

of the mortar join
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11. Tools Used in Brick Masonry

 Trowel

 Plumb bob

 Hammer

 Spirit level

 Mason square

 Steel tape

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12. Brick Courses & Closures

Queen Closure: A brick cut in half down its length.

King Closure : A brick cut at corner & joining middle points of width and length of the brick.

Half Bat: A brick cut in half along its width and laid in the wall structure.

Quarter Bat: A brick cut to a quarter of its length.

Three Quarter Bat : A brick cut to three-quarters of its length, and laid with its long, narrow side

exposed.

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13. Orientation of Bricks

STRETCHER: A brick laid with its long narrow side exposed.

HEADER: A brick laid flat with its width at the face of the wall.

SOLDIER: A brick laid vertically with the long narrow side of the brick

exposed.

SAILOR: A brick laid vertically with the broad face of the brick exposed.

Shiner: A brick laid horizontally with the broad face of the brick exposed.

Rowlock: A brick laid horizontally with the long narrow side of the brick

exposed.

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 14. Rules for Good Brick Masonry
 The bricks should be immersed in freshwater at least for 2 hours before using in masonry.
 Do not use broken bricks unless they are essential for making good bonds.
 The bricks should be laid on their proper bond. The frog of the bricks should be kept upward.
 Brick bats should be avoided.
 The thickness of the joints should not exceed 13 mm.
 The masonry walls should be always truly vertical and verticality should be checked continuously
using a plumb bob.
 Brickwork should be raised uniformly. Any part of the masonry should not be raised more than 3ft to
the rest of the masonry work.
 The amount of lap should be a minimum of 1/4 brick along the length of the wall and 1/2 brick across
the thickness of the wall.
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14. Rules for Good Brick Masonry
 To achieve easy and adequate bond for plastering and pointing, the facing mortar joints should be
raked for a depth of 13-19 mm when the mortar in the joint is green.
 The finished brick masonry should be cured at least for 7 days.
 Any brick masonry wall should not be constructed more than 1.5 m in a day.
 In brick masonry piers, buttresses, counterfeits, etc., should be constructed along with the main
walls, maintaining a proper bond between them.
The vertical joints in every other course should be vertically over one another.

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15. Bonds in Brick-Work
1. English bond.
2. 2. Flemish bond.
3. 3. Header bond.
4. 4. Stretcher bond.
5. 5. Facing bond.
6. 6. English cross bond.
7. 7. Brick on edge bond.
8. 8. Dutch bond.
9. 9. Raking bond.
10. 10. Garden wall bond

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15. Bonds in Brick-Work

FLEMISH-BOND

 This bond has one stretcher between headers, with the headers

centered over the stretchers in the course below.

 When a course begins with a stretcher, the course will

ordinarily terminate with a stretcher at the other end.

 Brickwork that appears as Flemish bond from both the front

and rear is Double Flemish bond.

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15. Bonds in Brick-Work

ENGLISH BOND

 Bricks are laid in alternate courses of headers and stretchers.

 Queen closures are inserted next to headers to produce overlap.

 English bonds are the strongest but it is to be noted that the

continuous vertical joints are to be avoided.

 Appearance is not as good as Flemish bonds.

STRETCHER BOND

 Bricks are laid in stretchers.

 Used in walls of half – brick in thickness 21

 15. Bonds in Brick-Work

GARDEN-WALL BOND
 Used for 9 inch wall.
 Used when a fair face is required on both sides.
 Wall is composed three or four courses of stretchers alternating with one of
headers.
 It is mostly used in construction of garden wall.

23. HEADER BOND

 Heading or Header Bond is laid on headers.
 Used for round quick sweeps .
 Should never be used in straight work as it is very week.
 This bond is used for facing of curved surface and footings in foundations. 22
16. Defects

Sulphate attack :- Sulphate salts present in bricks work react with alumina content of cement .It

occur in boundary walls.

Crystallization of salts from bricks :- Occur in masonry made out of brick which contain excessive

soluble salts. This phenomenon is also known as efflorescence.

Corrosion of embedded iron or steel :- Iron or steel embedded in brick work gets corroded in the

presence of dampness. On corrosion the metal expands in volume and tends to crack the brick work.

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 17. Types of Stone Masonry

1. Random rubble masonry

2. Square rubble masonry

3. Polygonal rubble masonry

4. Flint rubble masonry

5. Dry rubble masonry

6. Ashlar masonry
17. Types of Stone Masonry

1. Random rubble masonry

Coursed
• In this type of masonry, the stones used are of widely different sizes. This is the roughest and
cheapest form of stone masonry.
• In coursed random rubble masonry, the masonry work is carried out in courses such that the
stones in a particular course are of equal height.
17. Types of Stone Masonry

1. Random rubble masonry

Un-coursed
• In this type of masonry, the stones used are of widely different sizes. This is the roughest and
cheapest form of stone masonry.
• In uncoursed random rubble masonry, the courses are not maintained regularly. The larger stones
are laid first and the spaces between them are then filled.
 17. Types of Stone Masonry
2. Square rubble masonry

Coursed
• In this type of masonry stones having straight bed and sides are used. The stones are usually
squared and brought to hammer dressed or straight cut finish.
• In the coursed square rubble masonry, the work is carried out in courses of varying depth.
 17. Types of Stone Masonry
2. Square rubble masonry

Un-coursed
• In this type of masonry stones having straight bed and sides are used. The stones are usually squared
and brought to hammer dressed or straight cut finish.
• In the uncoursed square rubble masonry, the different sizes of stones having straight edges and sides
are arranged on face in several irregular patterns.
 17. Types of Stone Masonry
3. Polygonal rubble masonry

• In this type of rubble masonry, the stones are hammer dressed. The stones used for face work are
dressed in an irregular polygonal shape. Thus the face joints are seen running in an irregular fashion
in all directions.
 17. Types of Stone Masonry
4. Flint rubble masonry
• In this type of masonry, stone used are flints or cobbles. These are irregularly shaped of silica. The
stones are extremely hard. But they are brittle and therefore they break easily.
 17. Types of Stone Masonry
5. Dry rubble masonry

In this type of masonry, mortar is not used in the joints. This type of construction is the cheapest and

requires more skill in construction. This may be used for non-load bearing walls such as compound

walls, etc…
 17. Types of Stone Masonry
6. ASHLAR MASONRY

In this type of ashlar masonry, each stone is cut to uniform size and shape with all sides rectangular,

so that the stone gives perfectly horizontal and vertical joints with adjoining stone. This type of ashlar

masonry is very costly.

 17. Types of Stone Masonry
7. Ashlar rough tooled masonry

In this type of ashlar masonry, the beds and sides are finely chisel-dressed. But the face is made rough

by means of tools. A strip, about 25mm wide and made by means of chisel is provided around the

perimeter of the rough dressed face of each stone.

 17. Types of Stone Masonry
8. Ashlar chamfered masonry

In this type of ashlar masonry, the strip is provided as earlier. But it is chamfered or beveled at an

angle of 45 degrees by means of chisel for a depth of about 25mm.

 17. Types of Stone Masonry
9. Ashlar rock or quarry faced masonry

This is combination of rubble masonry and ashlar masonry. In this type of masondry, the face work is

provided with rough tooled or hammer dressed stones and backing of the wall may be made in rubble

masonry.
Thank You

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