SUPER STRUCTURE

MASONRY
 Masonry is the building of structures from
individual units laid in and bound together
by mortar; the term masonry.
 The units may de stones, bricks or precast
concrete.
 Masonry classified two types,
– There are 1. brick masonry
2. stone masonry
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Brick Masonry
 Brick masonry
 Brick masonry is made of brick units
bonded together with mortar.
 It refers to the part of the building built by
brick and cement or lime mortar.
 Two essential components of brick masonry
are
– 1. brick
– 2. mortar
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 bricks
 Bricks  Traditional bricks
 Moulding the clay in  no standard
rectangular blocks of size.
uniform size  Commonly
 Drying the clay adopted size-23 x 11.4 x
 Burning the clay in kiln 7.6 cm
 Types of bricks  Modular size
 Traditional bricks  standard size as per IS
 Modular size  Actual size 19x9x9 cm
 Normal size20x10x10
cm
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 Mortar
 Mortar
» Mixture of materials, to make a paste.
» Two types of mortar
– Lime mortar
– Cement mortar
Lime mortar
Lime is used as a binding
material.
Cement mortar
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Cement is used as a binding material .
 Definition of terms used in brick masonry
 Course. One of the continuous horizontal layers (or rows) of
masonry that, bonded together, form the masonry structure.
 Header. A masonry unit laid flat with its longest dimension
perpendicular to the face of the wall. It is generally used to tie
two wythes of masonry together.
 Wythe. A continuous single vertical wall of brick.
 Stretcher. A masonry unit laid flat with its longest dimension
parallel to the face of the wall.
 Rowlock. A brick laid on its edge (face).
 Bull-Stretcher. A rowlock brick laid with its longest dimension parallel
to the face of the wall.
 Bull-Header. A rowlock brick laid with its longest dimension
perpendicular to the face of the wall.
 Quoin: the external corner of the wall surface.

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 Soldier. A brick laid on its end so that its longest dimension is
parallel to the vertical axis of the face of the wall.
 Bed: the bottom surface of the brick, when it is laid flat.
 Bond : arrangement of stone bricks, so that no continuous vertical
joints are formed.
 Perpend: vertical joints between bricks.
 Lap: horizontal distance between two perpends in successive courses.
 Frog: depression made on brick
 Closer: A piece of brick that is used to close up the bond at the end of
the brick courses is known as closer.
– Queen closer: it is portion of brick, obtained by cutting the brick longitudinally
into two parts
– King closer: it is portion of brick, obtained by cutting the triangular piece b/w the
centre of one end and the centre of the other

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BONDS IN BRICK MASONRY
 A bond is an arrangement of
layers of bricks by which no
continuous vertical joints are
formed.
 Bricks can be arranged in
various forms.
– 1.Stretcher bond
– 2.Header bond
– 3.English bond
– 4.Flemish bond
– 5.Raking bond
– 6.Zig-zag bond
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1.Stretcher bond-
 Here all bricks are laid as
stretcher ie lengthwise.
 Useful for half brick thick
partition walls

2.Header bond
 All bricks are laid as headers.
 Used for curved surfaces in
brick work such as well
lining, well foundations,etc

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 English bond
 Strongest bond
 stretchers and headers
are laid alternatively,
 A queen closer is placed
after the first header to
stagger the vertical joints
of successive courses.
 Each alternate header is
centrally placed over a
stretcher.
 English bond is stronger
for walls thicker than 1.5
m.

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 Flemish bond
 FLEMISH BOND is made up of
alternate stretchers and headers,
with the headers in alternate
courses centered over the
stretchers in the intervening courses.
 Presents pleasing appearance than
English bond.
 Two types
 1.Single Flemish bond – it consist of
Flemish bond on the face of the wall
and English bond on the back of the
wall.
 2. Double Flemish bond – each course
represents the same appearance both in
front and back face.

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 5.Raking bond
 Bonding bricks are kept at an inclination to the direction of
the wall.
 Generally provided between two stretcher courses.
 Two types
1. diagonal bond-
Bricks are laid diagonally
The inclination is selected so that, there is minimum
breaking of bricks.
Provides pleasing appearance.
2.herring-bone bond
Bricks are laid at the angle of 45 degree from the centre in
both directions.
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 6.Zig-zag bond
 Bricks are laid in zigzag fashion.
 Commonly used for making panels in the
flooring of bricks.

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 Comparison b/w the English and Flemish bond

English bond Flemish bond

 Alternate courses are header  Each course is a combination
course and stretchers course. of headers and stretchers.
 Less mortar requirement.  Since brick bats are used,
more mortar is required.
 Greater skills is not  This bond requires greater
required. skill and experience.
 Appearance is not pleasing.  Gives a pleasing appearance
 English bond is stronger for for exposed faces.
walls thicker than 1.5 m.  it is comparatively week.

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 Stone masonry
 It is the art of building the structures with
stones.
 Quality of stones are
High hardness
High durability
Enhance toughness
Free from defects
Weather resistant
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 applications
 Foundations
 Walls
 Piers
 Arches
 Domes
 Lintels
 Floors

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 Important technical terms
1.Bed surface-the surface of a stone perpendicular to the line of action.
2.Natural bed-it is the plane of vision along which the naturally occurring
rocks split.
3.sill- the bottom surface of a door or window opening.
4.corbel- a projecting stone, usually a support for the roof truss , beams
etc.
5.cornice- course of stone, provided at the top of the wall.
6.coping-it is a cornice, to protect the wall from the rain water.

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7.weathering-is is a sloped dressing of coping, cornice and
sill.
8.plinth- the projecting course at the ground level.
9.quoins- the external corners or angles of wall surface.
10. buttress- it is a sloping pier, provided to work .
11. pilaster- a right angled columnar projection from a wall.
12. Throating-a groove for discharging rain water.

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 Classification of stone masonry
 It classified two types
– 1. Rubble masonry
– 2.Ashlar masonry
1. Rubble masonry
– The stones used in the rubble masonry are either
undressed or dressed.
– The joints are very thick

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 Rubble masonry types
1. Random Rubble masonry
– Un coursed
– coursed

2. Squared Rubble masonry

– Un coursed
– coursed
 Polygonal Rubble masonry
 Flint Rubble masonry
 Dry Rubble masonry
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 Random Rubble masonry
 Its cheapest Rubble masonry.
 Two types
1. Un coursed R.R.M- Stones are randomly arranged.
2. coursed R.R.M- The arrangement of stones is done
to develop a uniform course of specific height.

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 Squared Rubble masonry
 Stones having straight bed
and sides are use.
 consist of hammer dressed
stones.shapes are squared.
 presents better appearance
than R.R.M.
 TWO TYPES
 Un coursed- the different
sizes of stones having
straight edges and
arrenged on face in
irregular pattern.
 coursed
 Polygonal Rubble masonry
 Stones are hammer
finished on face to an
irregular polygonal
shape.
 Used for facing work.
 Thus the face joints
are seen running in an
irregular fashion in all
directions.

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 Flint Rubble masonry
 Here stones are used as flints and cobbles.
 Stones are extremely hard, but brittle.
 There are irregular shaped nodules.
 Face arrangement may de coursed or
uncoursed.

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 Dry Rubble masonry
 Mortar is not used in the joints.
 Cheaper construction requiring more skills.
 Used for non load bearing walls such as
compound walls.

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 Ashlar masonry
 Consist of accurately
dressed stones.
 Stones are either square
or rectangular in shape.
 Height of stones in each
course is equal.
 It may vary from 25 to 30
cm.
 Used in construction of
temples.
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 Types
 1.Ashlar fine masonry.
 2.Ashlar rough tooled
masonry.
 3.Ashlar rock or
quarry faced masonry.
 4.Ashlar chamfered
masonry.
 5.Ashlar block in
course masonry.
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 1.Ashlar fine masonry.
 Here each stone is cut
to uniform shape and
size with all sides
rectangular, giving a
pleasing appearance.
 So that the stone gives
perfectly horizontal
and vertical joints
with adjoining stone.
 It is very costly.
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 2.Ashlar rough tooled masonry.

 Beds and sides are finely chisel dressed.

 Face is made rough by means of tools.
 A strip about 25mm wide is provided
around the perimeter of rough dressed face
of each stone.

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 3.Ashlar rock or quarry faced masonry

 A strip about 25mm wide, made by chisel is

provided as in rough tooled masonry.
 Remaining portion is left in the same from
as received from quarry.

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 4.Ashlar chamfered masonry.
 A strip is provided, but
chamfered or beveled
at 45 degree by chisel
for a depth of 25 cm.

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 5.Ashlar block in course masonry.
 This is combination of rubble and ashlar
masonry.
 Face work is provided with rough tool or
hammer dressed stones.
 Backing of the wall is made by rubble
masonry.

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 Points to be observed in the construction of
stone masonry
 Stones should be strong, hard and tough.
 Each stone block should be well watered before use.
 All the stone should be laid on their natural bed.
 Proper bond should be maintained.
 Small stone pieces should be used for facing.
 The wall should be raised uniformly throughout its length.
 Stones should be dressed properly according the type of
masonry.
 Mortar should be in proper proportion.
 After the construction is over

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 Comparison
Brick masonry Stone masonry
 Less construction cost  More
 No complicated lifting  lifting devices are needed.
devices are needed.  Reduced level of fire
 Very high fire resistances. resistances.
 More atmospheric  less atmospheric
resistances. resistances.

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 Absorbs moisture from  Stones are more water tight.
atmosphere.
 Weak work  Stronger work
 Does not require skilled  Requires skilled labour.
labour.
 Thin mortar joints.
 Thick mortar joints.
 Does not give a solid
 gives a solid appearance.
appearance.

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CMU Structural Walls on a Low Rise Building
Reinforcing Structural CMU Walls
CMU Structural Walls also serving as a “Backup” Wall for Brick
Joint Color that “Blends” w/ Brick Color 44
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Extruded – Wire Cut Extruded – Smooth

Wood Mold
Extruded – Raked 47
 Basic Brickwork Terminology

Head
Joint

Bed
Joint

Course - horizontal layer of brick 48

Basic Brickwork Terminology

Header - Bonds two wythes together

Wythe: vertical layer 1 unit thick

Rowlock -
laid on face,
end visible

Stretcher - long dimension horizontal

& face parallel to the wall

Soldier - Laid on its end, face parallel

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 Brick Bonds
 Structural Bonds
 Cavity (Veneer) Walls
– Running bond
– Stacked bond

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 Laying Masonry

 Layout & Leads

 Line

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Stationary Scaffolding53
Concave Joints
Raked Joints

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Steel Lintel

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 Simulated Precast Concrete Lintel
(actually a steel lintel supports the assembly)

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Arch

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