Patterns

of
Development
 st o ry skill

N A R R A T I
O N
vivid
event narrat
e
 I. Narration
 - the most basic pattern of
development
- describes how, when, and where an
event or occurrence actually happened

- used to tell a story or focus on a set of

related events
Components of Narrative Text
1.1. Logical Actions
- are considered the very movements
within the plot or the narrative that
drive the characters forward, be it
during the dialogue, or within a scene
 Example
It was late spring the last time we saw
Ross. He was standing at the edge of the hill,
and he never so much as looked up even
though we were sure he knew we were there.
There was a bunch of flowers clutched to his
fist, but there really was no reason for him to
be standing there. We knew that Carrie wasn't
coming to see him. But he stood there anyway,
waiting, even as the afternoon sunlight
deepened towards the evening. He must have
been standing there for hours.
1.2. Way of Narration
- refers to how the writer presents the
story
- includes the pace by which scenes
are given out
* Having natural progression of time
to the events of the story makes a
good writing.
Clipped Narration
“He came and talked to us. Then he left the
house and then he drove the car back home.

Paced Narration
“He came and talked to us for a few moments.
He seemed upset, but he managed to get
through all the bad news. Shaking our hands
before he left the house come twilight, he
seemed to feel better now that he had delivered
the news. He waved from the car as he pulled
out of the driveway, narrowly missing the
mailbox again, and drove off to return home.”
1.3. Terminology
- places emphasis on the fact that
concepts are critical to the narration

* Writers must choose how to address

terms and which ones they want to
use in order to create an appropriate
setting.
1.Concrete Terms
- words that identify things, places,
and events that can be measured and
observed
- terms that have physical
manifestation in our world
Examples:
spoon, dog, house
1.Abstract Terms
- refer to ideas or concepts that are
intangible

Examples:
love, freedom, feminism
neral Terms
- commonly used to denote groups
Example: furniture
Specific Terms
- refer to an individual component of
the group
Examples:
cabinets, desks, chairs
1. Concrete: “He was shivering
violently from the cold.”
Abstract: “The joy in the air was
palpable.”
General: “He gave her a piece of
jewelry.”
Specific: “Each green stone had fire in
its facets.”
1.Elements of Narrative
Paragraph
1. Setting
2. Characters
3. Plot
1.5 Essentials Parts of Plot
1. Exposition
2. Rising Action
3. Climax
4. Falling Action
5. Points of View
• 1st person
• 2nd person
• 3rd person
 a i l quality
d et
D E S C R I P T I
O N
sensory look realisti
c
 II. Description
 - the pattern of development which
goes into details about a specific
object, person, or location, in order to
firmly set its appearance

What does it look like?

What are its characteristics?
 Characteristics of
Description
 ● has a clear focus and sense of
purpose

● uses sensory details and precise

words

● presents details in a logical order

Varieties of Description
 1. Objective Description

- looks into factual and scientific

characteristics of what is being
described as objectively as possible

* The writer stays away from

emotional impressions or responses
and instead, describes the scene as it
is.
 Example
The Acer barbatum is a small to medium-
sized, deciduous tree usually ranging from 15 to
25 m. (50 to 80 ft.) tall when mature. Its bark is
light gray and smooth on younger trees, and it
becomes ridged and furrowed with age. Leaves
are opposite and shallowly to deeply palmately
lobed, with a few blunt teeth but no serrations.
The leaf sinuses are rounded, unlike those of red
maple (Acer rubrum) which are sharply V-shaped.
Also, the sides of terminal leaf lobes are more or
less parallel, while those of red maple are widest
at the base, tapering to the tip.
 2. Subjective Description
- a sort of description that the author
would normally use to “paint a
picture” of how he sees a character, or
how he wants the reader to see a
character
- also used in a literary discourse when
there is stereotyped image that can be
attributed to a person, place, or an
event.
 Example
My mother had hair so dark
that it looked like a waterfall of ink.
She always kept it in a braid that fell
to her slim waist, and always tied
with a plain black band. The braid of
black slung over her shoulder, the
plaits shining like scales.
I N F O R M
T F B U N E L S
M S R I K H O A
 III. Definition
 - explains not just what something
means or is, but also what something
does, what something is used for,
what something looks like, etc.
 - when you want your readers to
know exactly how you are using a
term or an unfamiliar concept, you
Varieties of Definition
 1. Formal Definition
- definition provided by the
dictionaries. Has 3 elements;
a) Term – word being described
b) Class – refers to a group to which the
term belongs
c) Differentiating Features – word or
phrase that makes it different with
others from the same class.
 Examples of Formal Definition
o
Scientific writing - is a form of
writing that is based on actual and
relevant studies.
o
Science is the field of study that
attempts to describe and understand
the nature of the universe in a whole
or part.
Varieties of Definition
 2. Informal Definition
a) Operational Definition – gives the
meaning of an abstract word for one
particular time and place.
Ex. An excellent score when you get
more than 95% on the test.
 2. Informal Definition

b) Synonyms, or words that mean the

same as another word.
Ex. A student’s intelligence (or mental
capacity) is measured by using the
intelligent quotient (IQ).
 2. Informal Definition

c) Denotation – the exact meaning of

the word.
Ex. Kindness is the quality of being
friendly, generous, and considerate.
 2. Informal Definition

d) Connotation – an idea or meaning

suggested by or associated with a word
or thing. Secondary meaning of a word
and not necessarily included in the
dictionary.
 2. Informal Definition
Ex. Hobbes: Why are you digging a hole?
Calvin: I am looking for buried treasure!
Hobbes: What have you found?
Calvin: A few dirty rocks, a weird root, and
some disgusting grubs.
Hobbes: On your first try??
Calvin: There’s treasure everywhere!
 The term could be emphasized by
the following:
1. Characteristics or features
2. Function
3. Effect
4. Origin
 Signal Words for Definition

is defined as means to define

as defined refers to to illustrate

 a ti
o r y s tr
teg l u
ca il
on
CLASSIFICATION AND
EXEMPLIFICATION
criteria le
xa mp
e
 IV.Classification and
Exemplification
 Classification

- Used when a writer needs to sort out

or arrange subjects into groups or
categories based on their common and
shared characteristics.
 Signal Words for Classification
another classified one kind the last
as group

another final type the first the next

kind category part
 Exemplification
- provides examples and illustrations in
order to further clarify or explain the
concept or subject matter
- presents the general statement and
then provides specific and concrete
examples to expound on the main idea
 Signal Words for Exemplification
after all for instance namely that is

as an in other put another to be

example words way specific
consider the in particular specifically to clarify
following
for example in short stated to illustrate
differently
 Example
Dogs are domesticated animals that have
been living with humans for generations. Dogs
can be classified in a number of different ways.
For example, they can be classified by breed.
Examples of different breeds include beagles,
basset hounds, poodles and countless others as
defined by the American Kennel Club (AKC).
They can also be classified by their role in the
lives of their masters and the work they do. For
example, a dog might be a family pet, a working
dog, a show dog, or a hunting dog. In many cases,
dogs are defined both by their breed and their
role. For example, a dog could be a beagle that is
a family pet.
 ri t y nt
sim i l a
l e me
e
COMPARISON AND
CONTRAST
differen
ce
ic e
ch o
 V. Comparison and
Contrast
 - organizes ideas based on how
events, places, people, things, and
concepts are similar to or different
a. from
Blockone
Method
anotheris used to compare
and contrast two subjects one at a time.
b. Point-by-point - similarity of one
object is followed by similarity of
another object or differences followed
by differences
 Signal Words for Comparing
also equally in the same similarly
way

as in a similar like to compare

fashion

both in likewise
comparison
 Signal Words for Contrasting
although despite instead otherwise

and yet even so however still

as opposed even nevertheless the fact
to though remains
but in contrast nonetheless unlike
conversely in spite of on the whereas
contrary
counter to in the on the other yet
meantime hand
 Example
Although I raised Marcee and Obbie from puppies,
they have completely diverse personalities. Obbie is a
six year old, male, toy Pomeranian whereas Marcee is
a one year old, female, Boston terrier. Obbie is small
and soft, unlike Marcee who has bristly hair and is
much bigger. Marcee insists on sleeping on the bed,
under the covers every night. On the other hand, Obbie
will only sleep on the floor, under the bed. Obbie is
tremendously loyal and uptight; however, Marcee is
hyper and friendly to anyone she meets or sees. Around
other dogs, Marcee cowers to the larger dog, yet Obbie
will always stand his ground, never giving up until he
is scolded. Given that they were both treated the same
way all their life, it is hard to believe that they are so
different in everything they do.
 i n ti o on
ex pl a
ne c hb
co n s
n f i e
CAUSE AND EFFECT
conseq reason
uence
cal
iti
cr
 VI. Cause and
Effect
 - explains why something
happens or what results a
particular event produces
a. Paragraph empasizing cause

b. Paragraph emphasizing effect

 Signal Words for Cause
as for in view of owing to
(the fact) (the fact)
because for the inasmuch seeing that
(of the fact) reason that as

being that in that one reason since

due to
(the fact that)
 Signal Words for Effect
accordingly consequently in so that
consequence
as a for this so therefore
consequence reason

as a result hence so much (so) thus

(of this) that
because
(of this)
 co n c e r n

PROBLEM-SOLUTION
c a u se
t i f
i en
sc ic
 VII. Problem-
Solution
 - focuses on either a problem
or solution in a particular area
or situation
Signal Words for Problem-Solution
but the one solution
problem is
first, second the one way is
solution
nonetheless one reason
for the
 c e nce
con vin i de
ev
P E R S U A S I O
N
a rg u
fact
ment aim
cl
VIII. Persuasion

 - convinces readers to agree

to an argument or claim about
a particular topic.
 Methods of Persuasion
 Facts - A statement of what is.

 Referring to authority- An expert who

can be relied on to give unbiased facts

and information.
 Examples- An example should clearly

relate to the argument and should be

typical enough to support it
 Methods of Persuasion
 Predicting the consequence- Helps the

reader visualize what will occur if

something does or does not happen.
 Answering the opposition- Answering

possible critics shows you are aware of

the opposing opinion and are able to
respond to it.
 Signal Words for Emphasizing a
Point
again in that to truly
case emphasize

for this indeed to repeat with this

reason in mind
in fact
 Signal Words for Concluding and
Summarizing
accordingly consequently in brief inevitably in a
nutshell
all in all due to in on the therefore
conclusion whole

as a result finally in short since thus

as I have in any in in to sum

said event summary essence up
Signal Words for Conceding a Point
admittedly it is true obviously true
that

assuredly needless of course undoubtedly

to say
certainly no doubt to be sure unquestionably

granted
Thank you!
 Writing Activity

Write a narrative text

about a time in your life
when you experienced an
emotion strongly. Try to
give as much detail as
possible.
 Rubric
Focus 30 ％
Organization
25 ％
Integration
25 ％
Convention 20 ％

100 ％
 Writing Activity
(Group)
Description: You are a writer of a
travel magazine. The editor of the
magazine asks you to write a travel
article that tells about a beautiful place
where one can spend a vacation. Your
task is to write a five-paragraph
descriptive article.
 Writing Activity
(Group)
Specific Definition: You are a
medicine student. You would like to
write about the definition of a
controversial medical term in your
blog. The criteria in assessing your blog
are its appeal to the readers, accuracy
of information, and adherence to the
style of format.
 Writing Activity
(Group)
Task: You are a sales manager. A
customer sent you an e-mail asking about
the different types of products you sell.
You need to respond to the e-mail
indicating the classification of your
products. Your message must contain the
product's category and specific features.
 Writing Activity
(Group)
You are a film critic. You are to
write a comparative review of two
films of the same genre. Use the
comparison and contrast pattern of
text development in your review.
 Writing Activity
(Group)
Cause and Effect: Typhoon
Yolanda took the lives of over 6,300
Filipinos and displaced thousands of
others. Write a text that explains why
there were so many casualties even
when they were warned of a storm
surge beforehand by the officials. Use
the cause and effect pattern of
development in writing.
 Writing Activity
(Group)
Problem solution: You are a marketing
manager. You are to send business proposals
to your clients about a new product/service
your company is offering. Write the main
text of the proposal using the problem-
solution pattern of development. Your
writing must be concise, organized, and
clear. Remember to use language
appropriate to your audience and purpose.
Use a professional tone and positive words.
 Writing Activity
(Group)
You are an editor of a newpaper. You would
like to react strongly to a new government
policy in the editorial section of the
newspaper. Your editorial must contain a
well-supported argumentative thesis, and
counter-arguments for opposing viewpoints.
It must also encourage a certain course of
action. The criteria in assessing your
editorial are its appeal to the readers,
accuracy of information, and adherence to
the style and format.