Learning Objectives

Compare and contrast patterns of written texts across

disciplines:

01 02 03 04
a.Narration c. Classification e) Cause and
b. Description & d. Comparison & Effect g) Persuasion
Definition Contrast f) Problem-
Solution
Reading &
Thinking
Strategies:
Writing
Paragraphs
 PARAGRAPH
 comes from two Greek words: para which means ―beyond‖
or ―beside‖ and graphein which means ―to write‖.

 A paragraph is a collection of related sentences with one

central idea. Each sentence shows connection to other
sentences in the paragraph.
 PARAGRAPH
 A paragraph is an independent unit or a related unit. As an
independent unit, it is complete in itself. As a related unit, it is
a part of a composition that is combined with other
paragraphs to make a larger composition.

 Whether a paragraph is an independent unit or a related unit,

it has its beginning, middle and end.
DEVELOPING
EFFECTIVE
PARAGRAPHS
Effective paragraph
It shows the unity of the
sentences used in developing TOPIC SENTENCE
01
the main idea. A paragraph is
made up of the topic sentence SUPPORTING DETAILS
which contains the main 02
idea, the supporting details and
the conclusion or the clinching CLINCHING SENTENCE
03
sentence at the end.
TOPIC
SENTENCE
• reveals the main or central idea of the
paragraph. It does
not necessarily have to be placed at the
beginning of the paragraph.
It may be found in the middle of the first
and the last sentence or at the end.
• If it is found at the end of the paragraph, it
may be used as a clinching or concluding
sentence.
 SUPPORTING
DETAILS
• they give the paragraph life as it
elaborates on the scope given by
the topic sentence.
 CLINCHING
SENTENCE
• it closes your paragraph.
According to Dagdag (2010), this
―may be a restatement of the
topic sentence, a summary, or a
conclusion based on the
supporting details.‖
Reading &
Thinking
Strategies:
NARRATION
 NARRATION
• from the root word narrates, originated
from the Latin word narrare— which N A R R AT I V E
means related or told. • tells what happened and
• It gives a written account of an event or PA Restablishes
A G R Afacts.
PH
• sharing of personal
story, or simply, storytelling. The experiences that offer
sequence of events is told in lessons and insights.
chronological order. • chronological sequence of
• It usually contains the following: the events that happen to the
who, what and when. different characters.
• contains elements of drama
• A narrative must have ―vivid‖ and tension.
description of details, a consistent point
of view and verb tense, and a well-
defined point or significance.
COMMON TYPE OF paragraph
DEVELOPMENT
01 Setting
the time and location in PLOT
which a story takes place. 03
the logical series of events
in the story.

02 CHARACTERS
The life-giving element of
the story. POINT OF VIEW
04
the perspective of the writer
in narrating the
story.
• The five essential parts of the plot
are:
a. Exposition. It is the part of the story where the characters and
the setting are revealed.
b. Rising Action. It is where the events in the story become
complicated and the conflict in the story is exposed.
c. Climax. This is the highest point of interest and the turning
point of the story.
d. Falling Action. The events and complications begin to resolve
themselves.
• Denouement. The final resolution of the plot in the story.
• POV- POINT OF VIEW

a. First person point of view. The story is told by the

protagonist or one of the characters using pronouns I , me ,
we.
b. Second person point of view. The author tells the story in
second point of view using the pronouns you , yours, and
your.
c. Third person point of view. The narrator is not part of the
story but describes the events that happen. The writer uses the
pronouns he, she , him, and her
 Reading &
Thinking
Strategies:
DESCRIPTION
DESCRIPTIVE
PARAGRAPH
- Has a concrete and specific details, which are carefully chosen by a writer to paint a
picture in the mind of the reader.
- emphasizes a reader’s ability to paint vivid pictures using words on a reader’s mind.
( sight, smell, touch, taste, and hearing.)

Objective a factual description of the topic at hand. This relies its

Description information on physical aspects and appeals to those who
crave for facts.

Subjective allows the writer to explore ways to describe an

Description emotion, an event, a thing, a place or person, appealing to
emotions.
• Let’s try this…

Imagine yourself somewhere in the forest.

You cannot find your way to get back
home. Write a short paragraph describing
your sensations. You may use the word
bank list to help you express your
sensations.
• Let’s try this…
Then imagine yourself still in the forest.
You continue walking and you get lost
along the way and you really don’t know
where to go. You get tired, so you sit under
a tree. Suddenly, a lady appears in front of
you. How would you describe the lady so
that others could imagine her?
Reading &
Thinking
Strategies:
DEfinition
 definition
• explains a concept, term or (1) the term, concept or
subject to be
subject. Its main purpose is to tell
defined;
what something is.
(2) the general class to
• explains what a term means. which it belongs;
When you want your readers to (3) the characteristics
know exactly how you are using a that differentiate it
certain term or an unfamiliar from the other
concept, you use definition. members of its class.
• Definition is the main constituent of any
dictionary. In developing a paragraph by
definition, you should take account of these
things:
a) the term to be defined
b) the class to which the term belongs
c) the characteristics that distinguish the term
from the other members of its class.
• Take a look at this example of a
definition:

An owl is a bird with a large head, strong

talons and has a nocturnal habit.
• Owl – is the term to defined

• Bird – is the class where the owl belongs

• with a large head, strong talons and has a

nocturnal habit – are the characteristics
that distinguish the owl from the other
birds
 Types of
definitions
Formal definition

• definitions provided in
dictionaries.
Formal definition

• definitions provided in
dictionaries.
InFormal definition

• three common
informal definitions
are operational
definitions, synonyms,
and connotations.
Operational Definitions gives the
meaning of an abstract word for one
particular time and place.

 Synonyms or words that mean the

same as another word.
Denotation is the exact meaning of
the word
 Connotation is an idea or meaning
suggested by or associated with a
word or things.
 Reading &
Thinking
Strategies:
CLASSIFICATI
ON
• group items into
categories, to establish a
clear distinction.
• classification paragraph,
you tell readers how a
collection of items can be
sorted into categories. It is
an activity of sorting items
(people, things , ideas )
into categories.
1. Terms that signal classification
aspects kinds
qualities traits areas
levels systems types
2. Transitional Expressions

can be divided
can be categorized
can be classified
the first type
 Types of Friends

Friends can be classified according to their honesty , loyalty , the type that fits
you into their schedule , or the type that finds time for you when they need
something. An honest friend tells you the truth even if it’s not always what you
want to hear. In the long run , that honest friend may have saved you from
embarrassment or possibly rejection. They give you constructive criticisms
overall. The loyal friend is the type of friend that will be there for you through
thick and thin. They don’t care how good or bad you may look one day; they
are sensitive to your feelings , they respect you and the other people in your
life, and most of all they will never let you down when times are hard. They
may be what you call a best friend. The third group, the person that fits you
into their schedule , is the type of person that is always on the go.
 They barely have time for themselves let alone another person. More than
likely they will not be there for you when you need them most, because they
are so wrapped up in their busy , hectic life. Then you have the self-absorbent
type of friend that finds time for you only when they need something. This
type of person isn’t what you would call a friend. This person may always be
extremely nice to you because they know that from being nice they will more
than likely get what they want. They will call you every once in a while when it
is almost time for them to use that person again. It may be for a ride to work,
home or they just want somebody to hangout with because they have no
other friends. If the person that is being used is smart they will eventually
realize that they are getting used and will stop being there for that person.
( Amy Neil, 2005)
Comprehension Questions
1. What are the three types of
friends?
2. What basis is used by the
author to classify friends?
3. How does the author develop
the classification essay?
 Reading &
Thinking
Strategies:
COMPARISON &
CONTRAST
• A comparison tells
how two things are
similar.
• A contrast tells how
they are different.
Two ways in writing a comparison and contrast
paragraph.

• Subject – by - Subject Method

• Point – by - Point Arrangement
Subject – by - Subject Method

You present all of the facts and

supporting details about one topic ,
and then you give all the facts and
supporting details about the other
topic.
Point – by - Point Arrangement

You discuss each point for

both subjects before
giving on the next point.
Reading &
Thinking
Strategies:
CAUSE &
EFFECT
• cause is what makes a
particular thing happen.
• effect is what results
from a particular
situation, activity, or
behavior.
Cause and Effect paragraphs are written for the
following purposes:
 to discuss why a certain phenomenon occurs
to discuss the results of a phenomenon, event,
feeling or action
 to understand a situation
 to solve a problem
 to predict an outcome
 to entertain
to persuade
Signal words used in this  For this reason
type of paragraph are the  As a result
following:
 Consequently
 For
 Otherwise
 Because
 Therefore
 Since
 Thus
 Due to
 So
 But
Reading &
Thinking
Strategies:
PROBLEM &
SOLUTION
• problem-solution - a method for
analyzing and writing about a topic by
identifying a problem and proposing
one or more solutions.
• Problem-solution paragraphs as the
term implies, presents and identifies a
problem and proposes possible
solution/s.
 Structure of
paragraphs in a
problem-solution
essay
 INTRODUCTION
• At the forefront of the essay, the
introduction must serve to capture the
reader’s attention. This may contain the
thesis statement wherein the problem or
topic at hand is presented. This is where
the problem is defined, and the reason
why it is significant to a specific group of
people (or the target audience).
 PROBLEM
PARAGRAPH
• This paragraph/s will dwell on the
elaboration of the problem, effectively
conveying the importance of a
solution. You may present reliable
sources and evidence to support your
stand.
 SOLUTION
PARAGRAPH
• Present and describe a concrete
solution to the problem. Explain how
this solution is better than other
probable solutions
CONCLUSION

• Conclude the essay with

connection between the
problem and its proposed
solution.
Reading &
Thinking
Strategies:
PERSUATION
• A persuasive paragraph tries to
convince the reader that a particular
point of view is worthy of
consideration. It wants you to consider
both sides of an issue, but it reveals a
bias in favor of one side over another.
• Knowing how to write a persuasive
paragraph allows you to express your
personal conviction or opinion about an
issue or topic and make the readers
agree with or adopt your conviction or
opinion.