9 CircuitsComplete2020

Circuits
Objectives
To takeoff and follow published procedures that conform to the

aerodrome traffic circuit, avoiding conflict with other aircraft.
To carry out an approach and landing using the most suitable runway
Performance
Factors affecting take-off performance
Wind speed and direction

Surface
Slope
Aircraft Weight
Density (QNH and Temperature)
Flap (Take-off up to 10°, Landing up to 30°)
Considerations
Effect of wind Head wind Nil wind Tail wind
Considerations
Effect of wind Head wind Nil wind Tail wind
Considerations
Surface
Take-off
Better acceleration on seal
Shorter take-off distance
Landing
Better braking on seal
Shorter landing distance
Considerations
Slope
Take-off
Shorter take-off distance down hill
Longer take-off distance up hill
Landing
Longer landing distance down hill
Shorter landing distance up hill
Considerations
Slope
Tendency to be high Tendency to be low

Considerations
Wind speed and direction
Surface
Slope
Aircraft Weight
Density (QNH and Temperature)
Flap (Take-off up to 10°, Landing up to 30°)
Considerations
Effect of Flap on Take-off
0˚ - 10˚ flap for take-off
Use flap to: 10˚ flap
• Reduce take-off roll
0˚ flap
• Increase initial obstacle clearance
Considerations
Effect of Flap on Landing • Fly a steeper approach
• Increase obstacle clearance
• Fly slower approach speeds
• Better visibility
• Shorter ground roll
30˚ flap 0˚ flap

Swing on take-off
Torque Yaw
Slipstream
Torque Propeller rotation
W
29W
More weight transferred to left wheel

Swing on take-off
Slipstream
Torque
Crosswind
29
Use rudder to keep straight
Considerations
Landing
Power Power controls rate of descent
Maintains rudder / elevator effectiveness
Nose attitude Controls airspeed

Considerations
Runway perspective on final approach
Too high Correct Too low

Aircraft Management
Oil Temp & Pressure Carb Heat on below green range
Carb Heat off before landing
Human Factors
Situational Awareness
Reference points Maintain awareness of:
Lookout Your position
Listen Out Other aircraft in circuit position

Joining aircraft
Stress - Relax, Regular practise
Human Factors
AVIATE, NAVIGATE, COMMUNICATE
Fly the aircraft
Lookout and maintain awareness of where you are and who is where
Make accurate radio calls

Human Factors
“The Stabilised Approach”
An approach is considered stable when all of the following criteria are met
Airspeed – Less than 5kts deviation from target
Profile – Aircraft is established on correct flight path (Lateral and vertical)

Sink rate – not greater than 700ft per minute
Configuration – Aircraft is in the correct configuration
If the approach becomes unstable, go around

Human Factors
Right of way rules
Landing aircraft have right of way to aircraft taking off
Aircraft in the circuit have right of way over aircraft joining
No overtaking
No cutting in front of other aircraft
All turns in circuit direction

Pre Landing Checks
BRAKES PRESSURE, PARK BRAKE OFF
UNDERCARRAIGE DOWN / FIXED
MIXTURE FULL RICH
FUEL FUEL COCK ON / PRIMER LOCKED/ CONTENTS

SUFFICENT
SECURITY HATCH & HARNESS
LIGHTS LANDING LIGHT ON

Human Factors
Final Checks
FLAPS Set for landing
CARB HEAT Cold
WINDSOCK Direction/Strength
Radio calls
Prior to crossing runways
Prior to entering or lining up on runway
Prior to rolling
Downwind
Any time if necessary

Am I fit to fly?
Illness Free of symptoms.
Medication Aviation approved medications only.
Stress Managing stress well.
Alcohol or Drugs Alcohol in moderation. NO drugs!
Fatigue Good sleep management.
Eating A balanced diet.

Air Exercise
Line up
x
Windsock checked
Runway correct and clear
Compass/DI aligned with runway x
Landing lights on
Transponder (Alt mode)
Reference points (Low and High)

Radio Call – “Whanganui Traffic, NFO rolling runway 29, remaining in the circuit”
Air Exercise
Take-off
Full power, keep straight on low ref pt with rudder
Keep nose wheel light with elevator
RPM normal
Check ASI increasing
Rotate 55 kts
Set climb attitude (70 kts)
ZK-MDK
Air Exercise
After take-off
Keep straight on high ref point
Keep wings level
Check clear of obstacles (300ft) ZK-M
DK
Positive rate of climb

Flaps up
Adjust attitude to maintain 70 kts
Re-trim
Air Exercise
500 feet AGL
x
Lookout, pick reference point off wingtip
Turn 90◦ onto crosswind

Air Exercise
Crosswind
Continue climbing
Check 90◦ to runway

Air Exercise
Downwind turn
Lookout, pick reference point off wingtip
Turn 90◦ onto downwind
Level off
A.P.T.
Circuit Altitude Standard 1000’ AAL
x
Air Exercise
Downwind
Check spacing (runway 2/3 of the way up the wing strut)
and flying parallel to runway
Check windsock
Radio Call
Pre-landing checks (BUMFSL)
“Whanganui Traffic, NFO downwind runway 29,

touch and go / full stop, number 1”
Air Exercise
End Downwind
Approaching 45◦ to touchdown point

Carb heat hot, power 1500 rpm (approx.) Keep straight
Increase back pressure to maintain altitude
White arc, lower 10◦ flap

Set descent attitude (75 kts)
Trim
Air Exercise
Base leg
Lookout, choose reference point off wingtip
Approx. 45◦ from threshold, turn onto base

Assess approach
Lower 20◦ flap

Attitude 70kts ,Trim
POWER controls rate of descent
Attitude controls airspeed
x
Air Exercise
Base leg
Lookout, use runway as reference point
Anticipate centreline
Turn onto final not below 500 ft AGL
Lower the nose slightly to maintain 70 kts
Air Exercise
Final Approach
Choose aim point
30◦ Flap
Attitude for 65 kts, Trim
Assess approach
Speed - 65 kts
Profile
Sink rate
Air Exercise
Final leg
Attitude controls airspeed If airspeed is high If airspeed is low
Raise the nose Lower the nose

Air Exercise
Final Approach
Too high Correct Too low

Air Exercise
Final Approach
If aim point is moving down
Decrease power
Air Exercise
Final Approach
If aim point is moving up
Increase power
Air Exercise
Final Approach
Choose aim point
30◦ Flap
Attitude for 65 kts, Trim
Assess approach
CheckSpeed
windsock
- 65 kts
FinalProfile
checks
Sink rate If not stable, go around
The landing - Round out and flare
At approx. 30 ft, look at the far end of the runway
Level off – increasing back pressure to hold the nose on a point
at the end of the runway
Power off – Close the throttle and keep straight with rudder on the ref point
Hold off – As airspeed reduces progressively increase elevator back pressure
to touch down on the main wheels
The landing roll
Continue to increase back pressure to allow the nose wheel to gently touch down
Gentle braking as required
ZK-MDK
After landing
Taxi clear of the runway
Clear of the runway

Radio call
After landing checks
Any Questions?
By the end of lesson you will be able to
Fly a circuit pattern around a aerodrome in accordance with the

NZAIP procedures using the most suitable runway

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Circuits

To takeoff and follow published procedures that conform to the

Wind speed and direction

Tendency to be high Tendency to be low

30˚ flap 0˚ flap

More weight transferred to left wheel

Nose attitude Controls airspeed

Too high Correct Too low

Lookout Your position

Listen Out Other aircraft in circuit position

Fly the aircraft

Make accurate radio calls

Airspeed – Less than 5kts deviation from target

Profile – Aircraft is established on correct flight path (Lateral and vertical)

Configuration – Aircraft is in the correct configuration

If the approach becomes unstable, go around

All turns in circuit direction

BRAKES PRESSURE, PARK BRAKE OFF

UNDERCARRAIGE DOWN / FIXED

MIXTURE FULL RICH

FUEL FUEL COCK ON / PRIMER LOCKED/ CONTENTS

LIGHTS LANDING LIGHT ON

FLAPS Set for landing

CARB HEAT Cold

Prior to entering or lining up on runway

Any time if necessary

Medication Aviation approved medications only.

Stress Managing stress well.

Alcohol or Drugs Alcohol in moderation. NO drugs!

Fatigue Good sleep management.

Eating A balanced diet.

Reference points (Low and High)

Positive rate of climb

Turn 90◦ onto crosswind

Check 90◦ to runway

Turn 90◦ onto downwind

“Whanganui Traffic, NFO downwind runway 29,

Approaching 45◦ to touchdown point

White arc, lower 10◦ flap

Approx. 45◦ from threshold, turn onto base

Lower 20◦ flap

POWER controls rate of descent

Attitude controls airspeed

Attitude controls airspeed If airspeed is high If airspeed is low

Raise the nose Lower the nose

Too high Correct Too low

Clear of the runway

Fly a circuit pattern around a aerodrome in accordance with the

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