Unit 2 Hydrocarbon

HYDROCARBON
 Understand fundamental concepts in organic chemistry.

◦ Define an organic compound.
◦ List the elements that are found in organic compounds C,
H,.O, N, P, S and halogens.
◦ Suggest examples of organic compounds used in food
science, medicine, engineering, biotechnology and
agriculture.
◦ Identify the different kinds of chemical bonds commonly
found in molecules of carbon compounds.
◦ Differentiate between saturated and unsaturated organic
compounds.
◦ Elaborate on the characteristics of the members of a
homologous series.
◦ Recognize the functional group and homologous series of a
given carbon compound.
 Draw structural formulae in the form of
expanded structures based on molecular
formulae of simple carbon compounds.
 Identify carbon atoms in a molecule

according to classification as primary,
secondary, tertiary or quaternary carbon.
 IUPAC stand for International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (T/F)
 General formulae for alkane is CnH2(n)+2 (T/F)
 General formulae for Alkyne is CnH2n (T/F)

 Prefix for alkene is –yne (T/F)
 Arrange the step for naming alkane above:
a. Number the chain atoms, starting at the end nearest the functional group or nearest to a substituent for
the alkanes.
b. Find and name the longest continuous carbon chain. Choose the longest chain which contain the
functional group.
c. Specify the name of the branch chains or atoms attached to the parent carbon chain.
d. If 2 or more of the same atoms or branch chains are attached to the primary chain, the terms di, tri and
tetra are used to indicate 2, 3, or 4 groups respectively.
e. Determine the carbon numbers where the substituents attach to the main carbon chain.
f. Position is followed by name of every substituent, following alphabetical order.

g. Identify the functional group of the compounds.
In the end of this chapter student can:
Know the general formulae of alkane, alkene and

alkyne.
Define briefly about methane, ethane, ethene and

ethyne
Use the general formula to list the molecular formular

in the homologous series of alkane, alkene and alkyne
up to 10 carbon
Draw the structural formula for alkane, alkene, and

alkyne up to 10 carbon.
 General formula: CnH2n+2 , (n = an integer
started from 1)
 Naming: ending with -ane
 If n = 1 
 If n = 2 
n Molecular formula Naming Structural
formula
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
 General formula: CnH2n , (n = an integer
started from 2)
 Naming: ending with -ene
ALKYNE
 General formula: CnH2n - 2 , (n = an integer
started from 2)
 Naming: ending with -yne
n Molecular formula Naming Structural
formula
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
 The chemical name of an organic compounds
has 3 parts: prefix, parent, suffix
PREFIX PARENT SUFFIX
gives information about

gives the name of the
the substituent present
homologous series
gives the number of
carbon atoms present in
the molecule
Substituent group: they are the
branches in the organic compounds.
They are derived from an alkane by
removal of a hydrogen atom.

They are named by dropping the
“-ane” from the name of the alkane and
adding the suffix “-yl” (we call them

alkyl group).
CH3- Methyl C2H5- Ethyl

C3H7- Propyl
Note: some substituents are made from

other elements:
-F Fluoro -Cl Chloro
1. Write the alkane name of the longest
continuous chain of carbon atoms.
2. Number carbon atoms starting from the
end nearest substituent.
3. Give the location and name of each
substituent (alphabetical order) as a prefix
to the name of the main chain.
 Eg:
PREFIX : -
PARENT : butan
SUFFIX : ane
NAMING: BUTANE
PREFIX : 3-methyl
PARENT : pent
SUFFIX : 2-ene
NAMING: 3-methylpent-2-ene
CH
C H3
Names are made up of: H

H 3C
C CH
C H3
side chains, root

2,3-dimethylpentane CH
C H3
• Root is the longest possible

HC chain
• Must contain multiple bonds H3C CH3
if present CH
• Add -yl to get name of side
*
chain
H3C CH2 H3C CH2 CH2 CH3
CH CH3 CH CH CH2 CH3
H2C CH2 H3C CH
CH3
CH3
3-methylhexane
4-ethyl-2,3-dimethylheptane
CH3 CH3 CH3
CH3 CH2 CH CH CH CH2 CH CH3
CH2 CH3
5-ethyl-2,4,6-trimethyloctane
Branches on carbon chains
CH3 methyl
CH3CH2 ethyl
CH3
CH3CHCH3
methyl groups
CH3 CH3
CH3CHCH2CHCH3
CH3 methyl branch
CH3CH2CH2CHCH2CH3
6 5 4 3 2 1 Count
CH3 methyl branch
CH3CH2CH2CHCH2CH3
6 5 4 3 2 1
Count
3-Methylhexane
on third C CH3 six carbon chain

group
1. Identify the functional group of the
compounds.
2. Find and name the longest continuous

carbon chain. Choose the longest chain
which contain the functional group.
3. Number the chain atoms, starting at the end

nearest the functional group or nearest to a
substituent for the alkanes.
4. Specify the name of the branch chains or atoms
attached to the parent carbon chain.
5. Determine the carbon numbers where the

substituents attach to the main carbon chain.
6. Position is followed by name of every

substituent, following alphabetical order.
7. If 2 or more of the same atoms or branch chains

are attached to the primary chain, the terms di,
tri and tetra are used to indicate 2, 3, or 4
groups respectively.
 Where is the longest continuous chain of
carbons?
A. CH3 CH3
CH3CHCH2CHCH3
B. CH3 CH3
CH3CH2CHCH2CCH2CH3
CH3
A. CH3 CH3
CH3CHCH2CHCH3 2,4-dimethylpentane
B. CH3 CH3
CH3CH2CHCH2CCH2CH3
CH3 3,3,5-trimethylheptane
Write a condensed structure for
A. 3,4-dimethylheptane
B. 2,2-dimethyloctane
A. 3,4-dimethylheptane CH3
CH3CH2CHCHCH2CH2CH3
CH3
B. 2,2-dimethyloctane CH3
CH3CCH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
CH3
CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH – CH2 – CH3
CH3
1. Parent : hex
2. Suffix : ane
3. Prefix: 3-methyl
4. IUPAC NAME: 3- methylhexane
1. Parent: hex
2. Suffix : 1-ene
3. Prefix: 2,3,3-trimethyl
4. IUPAC NAME: 2,3,3-trimethylhex-1-ene
CHOOSE
THIS
 Name the following compounds.
i.
ANS: 3,3-dimethylhexane
ii.
ANS:3,5-dimethylheptane
iii.
ANS: 3,5-dimethyl-4-propylheptane
4-ethyl-5-methyl octane
PARENT SUFFIX
PREFIX
Methyl – CH3
Ethyl – C2H5
Draw
 4-ethyl-5-methyl octane parent
first
H H H C 2H 5 H H H H
H C–C–C–C–C–C–C–C H
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
H H H H H H H
CH3
Complete all
Hydrogen
 Draw the following compounds.
i. 4-ethyl-2,3,6-trimethyl octane
ii. 2-methylbuta-1,3-diene
iii.1-iodo-1-methyl cyclohexane
iv.3-cyclobutyl pentane
v. 1,2-dichloro ethane
vi.1,2-dibromo cyclopent-1-ene
H H H H H H H
C2H5
H C–C–C–C–C–C–C–C H
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
H CH3 CH3 H H CH3 H H

i. 2-methylbuta-1,3-diene
ii. 1-iodo-1-methylcyclohexane
iii. 3-cyclobutylpentane iv. 1,2-
dichloroethane
CH3 – CH2 – CH – CH2 – CH3
v. 1,2-dibromocyclopentene
 YOU DO IT, YOU GET IT
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HYDROCARBON

 Understand fundamental concepts in organic chemistry.

 Identify carbon atoms in a molecule

 General formulae for alkane is CnH2(n)+2 (T/F)

 General formulae for Alkyne is CnH2n (T/F)

 Arrange the step for naming alkane above:

f. Position is followed by name of every substituent, following alphabetical order.

Know the general formulae of alkane, alkene and

Define briefly about methane, ethane, ethene and

Use the general formula to list the molecular formular

Draw the structural formula for alkane, alkene, and

PREFIX PARENT SUFFIX

gives information about

removal of a hydrogen atom.

“-ane” from the name of the alkane and

adding the suffix “-yl” (we call them

CH3- Methyl C2H5- Ethyl

Note: some substituents are made from

Names are made up of: H

side chains, root

• Root is the longest possible

on third C CH3 six carbon chain

2. Find and name the longest continuous

3. Number the chain atoms, starting at the end

5. Determine the carbon numbers where the

6. Position is followed by name of every

7. If 2 or more of the same atoms or branch chains

H CH3 CH3 H H CH3 H H

 CLICK HERE FOR MORE EXERCISES

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