CHAPTER 1

Science JH1
Hypothesis
What do you predict will happen during the experiment?

The hypothesis should be expressed in the form of an

“If………., then ……………” statement.

For example: “If the amount of fertilizer is increased, then

the tomato plants will grow taller.
Independent variable
The independent variable is the one you purposefully changed 3 Kind of Variable in Experiment
in the experiment
What are you changing in your experiment?
For example: “Fertilizer Concentration (%)

Dependent variable
The results you will measure or the data you will collect.

For example: “Height of the tomato plant (cm)”

Controlled variable
Things that it would be important to keep the same in the control group
and experimental groups so that it will be a fair test of your hypothesis.
For example:
 Light – “Plants will be placed in the same sunny location”
 Water – “Plants will be given the same amount of water each day”
CHAPTER 2
Science JH1
Density
Density, not weight, determines whether objects sink or float. In
general, when an object is placed in a medium, the object will
sink if it is denser than the medium and it will float if it is less
dense than the medium
CHAPTER 3
Science JH1
Element

■ elements are the basic building blocks of living

and non-living things.
■ the items made up of elements are only made up
of 1 type of ‘substance’. Ex: Na, Mg, O2
■An aircraft is made up of materials such as aluminium,
copper, magnesium, and zinc or these materials are the building
block of the aircraft.

■The mixture of metals allows the construction of a light

aircraft body that is able to withstand extreme stress. These
properties are unlike the properties of pure aluminium.

■Mixing metals will allow for the creation of materials with

different desirable physical properties.
Chemical composition

The chemical components that make up a substance.

According to the chemical composition, matter can be
classified into elements and non-elements. Non-elements
are namely compound or mixture.
What about gold in jewelry shops? Is it
element or non-element?
■Misconception: all gold jewellery is made of pure gold
■Actual fact: most gold jewellery is actually made of alloys of
gold

■In it’s pure form, gold is made of only one substance.

However, due to the softness of pure gold, other metals such as
copper, silver and nickel are added to gold to make it harder.
■ Have you ever made a salt water? Or do you still
remember the activity we have done about the egg
floating in the salt water? Where can you classify salt
water? Element, compound, or mixture?
■ The blood is a mixture of plasma is the liquid part that
consists of salts, water and many proteins and the solid
part consists of formed elements (Red blood cells, white
blood cells and platelets)
■ One molecule of sodium chloride is composed of one
sodium ( Na ) atom and one chlorine ( Cl ) atom as
indicated by the chemical formula.
■ Sea water is the mixture of water, salts and other many
suspended impurities and many gases are also dissolved in
it.
■ Sugar (C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁) is a compound that is formed by a
combination of three atoms: carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
Since these three atoms are chemically joined with each other
thus they form a compound in nature.
■ Ammonia is an inorganic compound of nitrogen and
hydrogen with the formula NH3
■ Air is a mixture of different gasses like N 2, O2, argon, carbon
CO2 and water vapor
What are the dangers of iron and sulphur
reaction?
■ This reaction generates hydrogen sulfide gas, which is
flammable and toxic. Therefore, Science ASSIST
recommends that this reaction be conducted as a
teacher demonstration only and be carried out in an
operating fume cupboard
 Fume cupboard
Fume cupboards are used
widely in laboratories and are
designed to capture and remove
air-borne hazardous substances
generated during laboratory
experiments (such as gases,
vapours and particulates/dust).
which one is a solution and which one is
a suspension

Salt water???? solution

Sugar water???? solution

Soil water???? suspension

The difference between solution and
suspension
A solution is a homogeneous mixture where one
substance dissolves into another and stays mixed
together.
A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture that does
not dissolve and the different parts will separate
■ a suspension is a heterogeneous mixture that contains solid particles
sufficiently large for sedimentation. The particles may be visible to
the naked eye, usually must be larger than one micrometer, and will
eventually settle, although the mixture is only classified as a suspension
when and while the particles have not settled out.”
■ Solution, in chemistry, a homogenous mixture of two or more
substances in relative amounts that can be varied continuously up to what
is called the limit of solubility. The term solution is commonly applied to
the liquid state of matter, but solutions of gases and solids are
possible. Air, for example, is a solution consisting chiefly
of oxygen and nitrogen with trace amounts of several other gases,
and brass is a solution composed of copper and zinc.
Distinguish between solution and
suspension
One way to distinguish between a solution and a
suspension is to observe their appearance. Solutions are
typically clear or transparent, while suspensions often
appear cloudy or murky due to the presence of visible
particles. Additionally, suspensions will settle over time,
causing the particles to accumulate at the bottom of the
container, whereas solutions remain uniformly mixed.
Solute, solvent and solutions

■Solute is the substance that is being dissolved

■Solvent is the dissolving medium

■Solutions is a homogeneous mixture of a solute in a

solvent
Questions

1. What is Solubility?

2. What is solute and solvent?

3. What are the factors that affect solubility?

4. How does temperature affect solubility?

Factors that effect how fast a solute
dissolves
Temperature Size of solute particles
The higher the temperature of the The smaller the size of the solute
solvent, the faster we can expect the particles, the faster we can expect the
solute to dissolve solute to dissolve. This is because
small particles have a larger surface
area that comes into contact with the
solvent

Rate of stirring
The faster the rate at which we stir the mixture, the
faster we can expect the solute to dissolve
 Difference between Metal and Non-Metal
Properties Metals Non-metals
State Metals are solids at ordinary Non-metals exist in all the three states,
temperature except mercury, which is that is, solid, liquid and gas.
a liquid.
Malleability and Ductility Metals are generally malleable and Non-metals are neither malleable nor
ductile. ductile.
Hardness Metals are generally hard. Alkali Non-metals possess varying hardness.
metals are exception. Diamond is an exception. It is the
hardest substance known to occur in
nature.
Density They have high densities. They generally possess low densities.
Conductivity Metals are good conductors of heat Non-metals are poor conductors of heat
and electricity. are electricity. The only exception is
graphite which is a good conductor of
electricity.
Melting point and boiling High Low
point
Appearance Shiny Dull
CHAPTER 4
Science JH1
What do you know about

■ Magnetic attraction
■ Filtration
■ Evaporation
■ Distillation, and
■ Paper chromatography
■ ???
 Separation techniques:
■ -Magnetic attraction: to separate magnetic materials from non-
magnetic materials
■ Ex: iron from sulphure
■ -Filtration: to separate an insoluble solid from the liquid-solid
mixture
■ Ex: sand from water
■ -Evaporation: to separate components of a mixture with a
dissolved solid in a liquid
■ Ex: salt from water
 Separation techniques:
■ -Distillation: to separate the component substances from a
liquid mixture by selective evaporation and condensation
■ Ex: ethanol from water
■ -Paper chromatography: to separate mixtures of soluble
substances in order to find out what substances are in the
mixture
■ Ex: coloured substances such as food colourings, inks, dyes
 Distillation
■  A process of purifying a liquid compound by heating it
into a vapor that is then condensed back into a liquid. By
heating a liquid to the temperature at which it turns into a
vapor. Once the liquid evaporates, it can be cooled over
another container so that it condenses and accumulates
again as a liquid.
 Paper chromatography
 A technique for separating dissolved chemical substances
by taking advantage of their different rates of migration
across sheets of paper.
 Separation by chromatography produces a chromatogram.
A paper chromatogram can be used to distinguish between
pure and impure substances:
– one substance produce one spot
– a pure substance produces one spot on the chromatogram
– an impure substance produces two or more spots
 Do with your group
-St 1: Where is the Dead Sea?

-St 2: What makes the Dead Sea different from

other bodies of water on Earth?

-St 3: What does the company in the video do?

-St 4: Name the process that led to the formation of

the substance
 Activities
 Tell and discuss the evaporation technique in a simple way
about the set-up of evaporation technique to separate dissolved
solids from a solid-liquid mixture.
 How the salt farmer apply evaporation to get salt from
seawater.
 Do you think your body has evaporation process when you
get hot then you get sweat?
 What about hand sanitizer that you apply on your hand? Do
they evaporate also?
 Do activity 4.1 from practical book p. 45.
 Questions
1. What is the purpose of heating the mixture until it
boils?
2. When the vapour is formed, where in the set-up does
it go?
3. What is the condenser for?
4. What is a ‘distillate’?
 Answers
1. What is the purpose of heating the mixture until it
boils? (Turn the mixture into gas/ vapour)
2. When the vapour is formed, where in the set-up does
it go? (vapour rises up and enters the condenser)
3. What is the condenser for? (Condense the vapour
to liquid form)
4. What is a ‘distillate’? (Pure liquid collected from
the distillation of a mixture)
CHAPTER 5
Science JH1
Questions that should be on your poster

■ What is biodiversity?
■ Variety within smaller groups of organism and give the
example.
■ The importance of Biodiversity. Why is Biodiversity important
in natural system?
■ What are the benefits of Biodiversity to humans?
■ What are the factors that affect the survival of organisms?
Biodiversity

■ The existence of many kinds of organisms on

earth
■ Biodiversity refers to every living thing,
including plants, bacteria, animals, and humans
Variety also exist within
smaller groups of organism
■ Different kinds of chickens
belong to the same bird
family. However, they look
different.
The importance of Biodiversity
■ For the stability of systems in nature is important
because each species in a system is dependent on one
another.
■ Example: Coral reefs support about 25% of the kinds
of fish in the world. Fishes and other organisms
shelter, find food, reproduce, and rear their young in
the many nooks and crannies formed by corals. If all
the corals were gone, the diversity and balance of life
in the sea would be lost.
 Several factors affect the survival of
certain organisms
■ Disease: the plant can be infected by a fungus. The entire plant kind
could be wiped out if the disease is allowed to spread
■ Excessive hunting: tigers are now endangered because they were over-
hunted for their skin and meat
■ The invasion of other organisms into a habitat: in Singapore, the
American bullfrog consumes the smaller local frogs. This threatens the
survival of the local frogs
■ Changes to or loss of habibat: Land is cleared for industry, farming and
housing. As a result, the giant panda has lost much of its home and
source of food
What can we do to help preserve
biodiversity on earth?
■ Volunteering with wildlife conservation organisations
■ Helping to spread awareness regarding the importance of
protecting wildlife
■ Stopping the introduction of non-native species into the
environment
■ Limiting the usage of natural resource, by recycling and
reusing material
 Dichotomous Key

A tool used by
biologists to
classify organisms
according to their
similarities and
differences for the
systematic study of
biodiversity.
How can bacteria be beneficial to us?
■ Waste treatment: certain kinds of bacteria are used in waste
treatment plants to break down waste into harmless products
■ Food production: certain kinds of bacteria are used to convert
milk into food products such as yoghurt
■ Digestion: the same kind of bacteria used in yoghurt
production is used in our body to digest food. These bacteria
are found in our intestine

■ Name two ways in which bacteria are harmful and useful!

CHAPTER 6
Science JH1
Human egg

Chicken egg

Ostrich egg
Work in group

■ each group takes responsibility to find information

about the picture, shape, size, structure, and function:
■ Group 1: Three cells of Human body (Animal)
■ Group 2: Three cells of Plant
■ Group 3: Three cells of unicellular organisms
Structure of cell

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URUJD5NEXC8
Unicellular

■ Do you know how unicellular organisms do all

their living process?
■ How do unicellular organisms eat?
■ How do unicellular organisms move?
■ How do unicellular organisms reproduce?
Link

Single cell organism

Have you ever seen your own cell?
Do you think it is possible to see by naked
eye?
What apparatus that people can use to observe
cell?
Link

“Parts of a Compound Light Microscope”

Practical book p. 71-72

Read procedure 1-4.

 The result of that observation is shown in this video.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jTSC4ntCPY4
 Continue to procedure 6.
 For Procedure 7-8, watch this video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hO4bPVJgiyM
Practical book p. 75-76

 Read procedure 1-6.

 The result of that observation is shown in this video.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pqe3Ul-FmUQ
 Continue reading procedure no 8-10.
 For Procedure 11, watch this video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rR7V7u-ogec
Since different
cells do different
things, they have
different shapes
and sizes. Each cell
has its own unique
role to play in
helping the body
function properly.
Plant Tissue Vs Animal Tissue
ORGANS
ORGAN
SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 7
Science JH1
 Conclusions of experiment

The warm water causes the air inside the bubble to warm and
expand, thus increasing the volume of air and pushing the
bubble above the mouth of the bottle.

The cold water causes the air inside the bottle to cool and
shrink, thus decreasing the volume of air and pulling the
bubble down into the base of the bottle.
Make your prediction of the red water level!
What is Brownian motion?

The random movement displayed by small

particles that are suspended in fluids
The particles arrangement of:

solid liquid gas

Boiling point
The temperature at which a liquid boils and turns
to vapor.
Freezing point
The temperature at which a liquid turns into a solid
when cooled.
Melting point
The point at which materials changes from a solid
to a liquid
What happens to the particles in the
bottle
Particles movement of solid are
■ held together by very strong force of attraction
■ Unable to move about freely
■ Vibrate about their fixed position
Particles arrangement of solid are
■ Packed very closely together
■ A fixed, regular pattern
Physical properties of solid are
■ Has a definite shape and volume
■ Has a higher density than liquids and gases
■ Cannot be compressed
Particles movement of liquid are
■ Held together by strong forces of attraction
■ Able to slide past one another
■ Packed closely tohether
Particles arrangement of liquid are
■ No fixed, regular pattern
■ Has no definite shape
Physical properties of liquid are
■ Has fixed volume
■ Has a lower density than solids
■ Cannot be compressed
Particles movement of gas are
■ Held together by weak forces of attraction
■ Able to move about freely over long distance
Particles arrangement of gas are
■ Far apart from one another
■ No fixed, regular pattern
Physical properties of gas are
■ Has no definite shape or volume
■ Has the lowest density
■ Can be compressed
Contraction

■ When matter is cooled, the particles lose energy and

vibrate less vigorously.
■ The particles move closer to one another. This causes
the volume of matter to decrease
Expansion

■ When matter is heated, the particles gain energy and

vibrate more vigorously.
■ The particles move slightly further apart from one
another. This causes the volume of matter to increase
What happens to the particles in the
bottle
What happens to the particles in the
bottle
THANK YOU