Control Structures 1

C++ Programming:
Control Structures I
(Selection)
Control Structures
• A computer can proceed:

−In sequence
−Selectively (branch) - making a choice
−Repetitively (iteratively) - looping
• Some statements are executed only if certain
conditions are met
• A condition is represented by a logical
(Boolean) expression that can be true or false
• A condition is met if it evaluates to true
Relational Operators
• Relational operators:
−Allow comparisons
−Require two operands (binary)
−Return 1 if expression is true, 0 otherwise
• Comparing values of different data types may
produce unpredictable results
−For example, 8 < '5' should not be done
• Any nonzero value is treated as true
Comparing string Types
• Relational operators can be applied to strings
• Strings are compared character by character,
starting with the first character
• Comparison continues until either a mismatch is
found or all characters are found equal
• If two strings of different lengths are compared
and the comparison is equal to the last character
of the shorter string
−The shorter string is less than the larger string
string Comparison Example
• Suppose we have the following declarations:
string str1 = "Hello";
string str2 = "Hi";
string str3 = "Air";
string str4 = "Bill";
Logical (Boolean) Operators
• Logical (Boolean) operators enable you to combine
logical expressions
• Three logical (Boolean) operators:
! - not
&& – and
|| - or
• Logical operators take logical values as operands
and yield logical values as results
• ! is unary; && and || are binary operators
• Putting ! in front of a logical expression reverses its
value
Precedence of Operators
• Relational and logical operators are

evaluated from left to right
• The associativity is left to right
• Parentheses can override precedence

Logical (Boolean) Expressions
(continued)
• Logical expressions can be unpredictable
• The following expression appears to
represent a comparison of 0, num, and 10:
0 <= num <= 10
• It always evaluates true because 0 <= num
evaluates to either 0 or 1, and 0 <= 10 is
true and 1 <= 10 is true
• A correct way to write this expression is:
0 <= num && num <= 10
One-Way (if) Selection
• The syntax of one-way selection is:

if (expression)
statement
• Statement is executed if the value of the

expression is true
• Statement is bypassed if the value is false;

program goes to the next statement
Two-Way (if…else) Selection
• Two-way selection takes the form:

if (expression)
statement1
else
statement2
• If expression is true, statement1 is executed
otherwise statement2 is executed
• statement1 and statement2 are any C++
statements
• else is a reserved word
Compound (Block of) Statement
• Compound statement (block of statements):

{
statement1;
statement2;
.
.
.
statementn;
}
• A compound statement is a single statement
Compound Statement Example
if (age > 18)
{
cout << "Eligible to vote." < <endl;
cout << "No longer a minor." << endl;
}
else
{
cout << "Not eligible to vote.“
<< endl;
cout << "Still a minor." << endl;
}
Nested if
• Nesting: one control statement in

another
• An else is associated with the most
recent if that has not been paired with
an else
Conditional Operator (?:)
• Conditional operator (?:) takes three arguments

(ternary)
• Syntax for using the conditional operator:
expression1 ? expression2 : expression3
• If expression1 is true, the result of the

conditional expression is expression2.
Otherwise, the result is expression3
switch Structures
• switch structure: alternate to if-else
• switch expression is evaluated first
• Value of the expression determines which

corresponding action is taken
• Expression is sometimes called the selector

switch Structures (continued)
• Expression value can be only integral
• Its value determines which statement is

selected for execution
• A particular case value should appear only

once
switch Structures (continued)
• One or more statements may follow a case

label
• Braces are not needed to turn multiple
statements into a single compound statement
• The break statement may or may not appear
after each statement
• switch, case, break, and default are
reserved words
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
char grade; cout << "Enter your grade: "; cin >> grade; cout << endl;
switch (grade)
{
case 'A':
cout << "Your grade is A." << endl;
break;
case 'B':
cout << "Your grade is B." << endl;
break;
case 'C':
cout << "Your grade is C." << endl;
break;
case 'F':
case 'f':
cout << "Your grade is D." << endl;
break;
default:
cout<<" The grade is invalid."<<endl;
}
return 0; C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 35
Summary
• Control structures alter normal control flow

• Most common control structures are selection
and repetition
• Relational operators: ==, <, <=, >, >=, !=
• Logical expressions evaluate to 1 (true) or 0
(false)
• Logical operators: ! (not), && (and), || (or)
Summary (continued)
• Two selection structures: one-way selection

and two-way selection
• The expression in an if or if...else
structure is usually a logical expression
• No else statement in C++. Every else has a
related if
• A sequence of statements enclosed between
braces, { and }, is called a compound
statement or block of statements
Summary (continued)
• Using assignment in place of the equality

operator creates a semantic error
• switch structure handles multiway selection
• break statement ends switch statement

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C++ Programming:

• A computer can proceed:

• Relational and logical operators are

• The associativity is left to right

• Parentheses can override precedence

• The syntax of one-way selection is:

• Statement is executed if the value of the

• Statement is bypassed if the value is false;

• Two-way selection takes the form:

• Compound statement (block of statements):

• Nesting: one control statement in

• Conditional operator (?:) takes three arguments

• If expression1 is true, the result of the

• switch structure: alternate to if-else

• switch expression is evaluated first

• Value of the expression determines which

• Expression is sometimes called the selector

• Expression value can be only integral

• Its value determines which statement is

• A particular case value should appear only

• One or more statements may follow a case

• Control structures alter normal control flow

• Two selection structures: one-way selection

• Using assignment in place of the equality

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