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    Chapter 7

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    daryl.prado
    Community structure refers to the types of organisms present in an environment, their numbers, and how they interact. There are two main community patterns: open communities where species are distributed independently, and close communities where several species are closely coincident. Biomes are large-scale categories of communities controlled by climate, including terrestrial biomes like rainforests, deserts, and grasslands, and aquatic biomes such as ponds, rivers, lakes, and oceans. Communities change over time through succession as pioneer species colonize disturbed areas and are eventually replaced by a stable climax community.

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    Chapter 7

    Uploaded by

    daryl.prado
    11 views37 pages
    Community structure refers to the types of organisms present in an environment, their numbers, and how they interact. There are two main community patterns: open communities where species are distributed independently, and close communities where several species are closely coincident. Biomes are large-scale categories of communities controlled by climate, including terrestrial biomes like rainforests, deserts, and grasslands, and aquatic biomes such as ponds, rivers, lakes, and oceans. Communities change over time through succession as pioneer species colonize disturbed areas and are eventually replaced by a stable climax community.

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    Community structure refers to the types of organisms present in an environment, their numbers, and how they interact. There are two main community patterns: open communities where species are distributed independently, and close communities where several species are closely coincident. Biomes are large-scale categories of communities controlled by climate, including terrestrial biomes like rainforests, deserts, and grasslands, and aquatic biomes such as ponds, rivers, lakes, and oceans. Communities change over time through succession as pioneer species colonize disturbed areas and are eventually replaced by a stable climax community.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    11 views37 pages

    Chapter 7

    Uploaded by

    daryl.prado
    Community structure refers to the types of organisms present in an environment, their numbers, and how they interact. There are two main community patterns: open communities where species are distributed independently, and close communities where several species are closely coincident. Biomes are large-scale categories of communities controlled by climate, including terrestrial biomes like rainforests, deserts, and grasslands, and aquatic biomes such as ponds, rivers, lakes, and oceans. Communities change over time through succession as pioneer species colonize disturbed areas and are eventually replaced by a stable climax community.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 37

    COMMUNITY

    AND
    ECOSYSTEM
    DYNAMICS
    WHAT IS COMMUNITY?
    Community Structure

    *Is the ecologist’s term for indicating


    what organisms are present in a given
    environment, in what numbers and
    how they relate to each other.

    Two of the most important patters:


    *Open Community
    *Close Community
    Open Community
    Each species is distributed independently: Community limits are
    arbitrary. Ecotone: region of rapid replacement of species along an
    environmental gradient.
    It has population without ecotones and distributed more or less
    randomly.

    Close Community
    Where distributions of several species coincide closely, but
    are largely separated from those of other sets of species.
    The boundaries of those communities are known as
    ecotones. Example is serpentine soils.
    Classification of Communities

    Two basic categories of communities:


    • Terrestrial (Land)
    • Aquatic (Water)

    Biomes
    Is a large-scale category containing
    many communities of a similar nature
    whose distribution is largely controlled
    by climate.
    Examples of Biomes in Terrestrial
    (Land) are:
    Rain Forest
    Desert
    Grassland
    Temperate deciduous for
    forest
    other
    Examples of Biomes in Aquatic
    (Water) are:
    Pound
    Rivers
    Lakes
    Ocean
    Others
    Terrestrial (Land) Biomes
     Tundra and Desert
     Tundra is an Extremely cold
    biomes consisting of snow-
    covered land.

     Desert is an Extremely dry


    and hot biome consisting of
    sand lands.
    Tropical Rain Forests
    o The climate is always warm between 20°C
    and 25°C
    o The rain forest is probably the richest
    biomes, with many levels of life.
    o More than half of all terrestrial species live in
    this biomes, while diversity is high,
    dominance by a particular species is low.
    Shrubland
    *The shrubland biomes is dominated by shrubs with small but
    thick evergreen leaves that are often coated with a thick, waxy
    cuticle, and thick underground stems that survive the dry
    summers and frequent fires.
    Grasslands
     Grasslands are areas where the vegetation is dominated by
    grasses. However sedge and rush can also be found along
    with variable proportions of legumes, like clover, and other
    herbs.
     Soil in this region are deep and rich and are excellent for
    agriculture.
     Grassland are open land dominated
    by grasses, sedges, and broadleaf
    herbs, with little or no woody
    vegetation.

     Shrublands are areas areas


    dominated by low, dense shrub
    vegetation such as dogwood,
    willow, tall grasses, and sedges.
    Desert are characterized
    Deserts
    by dry conditions and a
    wide temperature range.
    The dry air leads to wide
    daily temperature
    fluctuations from freezing
    at night to over 120
    degrees during the day.
    Most deserts occur at
    latitudes of 30°C N or S
    where descending air
    masses are dry.
    Aquatic Biome
    AQUATIC BIOME
    Life zone

    water
    Two Classifications

    Marine Biome Freshwater


    THE MARINE
    BIOME
    • The largest biome in the world
    • 96. 5% pure water and 3.5%
    dissolved compounds
    Two Basic Categories

    Benthic

    Pelagic
    Benthic
    is the ecological region
    at the lowest level
    Pelagic
    all of the sea other than
    the ocean floor
    -> the main source of
    energy is the
    phytoplankton
    COASTAL
    COMMUNITI
    ES
    Estuary/Estuaries

    • River meets the sea


    • Nurseries of the sea
    Seashores

    Rocky Sandy
    Coral Reefs

    Coral is composed of thin plates, or


    layers of calcium carbonate secreted
    overtime by hundreds of soft bodied
    animals.
    Coral reef on the otherhand is
    composed of corals and the
    organisms within its ecosystem such
    as fishes and algae.
    Oceans

    is made up of several zones:

    • Epiplagic Zone
    • Mesopelagic Zone
    • Bathypelagic Zone
    • Benthic Zone
    Oceanic Zones

    Epipelagic Zone is brightly lit, has


    01 much photosynthetic plankton that
    supports zooplanktons

    Mesopelagic Zone is semi dark and contains


    02 carnivores
    The Bathypelagic Zone is completely dark
    03 and largest in sizs. It has strange-looking
    fishes
    Benthic Zone is at the bottom of them
    04 all.
    FRESH WATER BIOME

    TWO ZONES:

    RUNNING WATERS STANDING WATERS


    CHANGE IN communities
    j
    OVER TIME
    BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES

    Like the organism that comprise them, can do and


    change overtime. Ecological time focuses on
    community events that occur over decades or
    centuries. Geological time focuses on event lasting
    thousand of years or more.
    Community secession
    Is the sequential replacement of species by
    immigration of new species and local extinction
    of older ones following a disturbance that creates
    unoccupied habitats for colonization. The initial
    rapid colonizer species are the pioneer
    community. Eventually a climax community of
    more or less stable but slower growing species
    eventually develops.
    Primary succession
    Begins with bare rocks and takes very time to occurs.
    Weathering by wind and rains plus the action of pioneer
    species such as lichens and mosses begin the build up of
    the soil. Herbaceous plant, including the grasses , grow
    on deeper soil and shade out shorter pioneer species.
    Pine tree or deciduous trees eventually takes and in
    most biomes will form a climax community of plant that
    are stabile in the environment.
    Secondary succession

    Occurs when an environment has been disturbed, such as


    by fire, geological activity, or human intervention (farming
    or deforestation in most cases.)
    This form of succession often begins in an abandoned field
    with soil layers already in place. Compared to primary
    succession, Which must take long period of time to build
    or accumulate soil, secondary succession occurs rapidly.
    Climax communities
    Tend to be more stable than successional
    communities. Early stages of succession show the
    most growth and are most productive. Pioneer
    communities lack diversity, make poor use of
    inputs, and lose heat and nutrients. As succession
    proceeds, species variety increases and nutrients
    are recycled more. Climax communities make fuller
    use of inputs and maintain themselves , thus, they
    are more stable. Human activity such as clearing a
    climax forest community to establish a farm field
    consisting of cultivated pioneering species say
    corn or wheat replaces climax communities with
    simpler communities.

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