The Endocrine System-JULY
The Endocrine System-JULY
The Endocrine System-JULY
MIRITI M.D
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Although often overshadowed by the brain and nerves, the Endocrine system is also
involved in the information business. Hormones carry essential messages that have far-
reaching effects.
They control body processes at every level, from energy uptake of a single cell to the whole
body’s rate of growth and development.
There are 50 of hormones, which are the body’s chemical messengers and
they are made by 12 different Endocrine glands.
These glands have no ducts but secrete their hormones directly into the blood, by
which means they reach every cell in the body.
Hormones affect certain target tissues or organs and regulate their activities.
The Endocrine system sends hormones through the Circulatory system to control and
coordinate body functions in much the same way as the nervous system uses tiny electrical
signals.
The Endocrine system and the Nervous system work together to integrate in
the brain and complement each other, but they tend to work at different
speeds.
Some hormones have longer lasting effects and act over hours, weeks,
and years.
The hypothalamus connects the nervous system to the endocrine system. It receives and
processes signals from other brain regions and pathways and translates them into hormones,
the chemical messengers of the endocrine system.
These hormones flow to the pituitary gland, which is connected to the hypothalamus by the
infundibulum. Some hormones are stored in the pituitary stores for later release; others
spur it to secrete its own hormones. The hormones released by the pituitary gland and the
hypothalamus control the other endocrine glands and regulate all major internal functions.
The thymus gland produces
progenitor cells, which
mature into T-cells (thymus-
derived cells). The body
uses T-cells to help destroy
infected or cancerous cells.
Most of the vitamin D that is in the blood is inactive and it is modified by the
kidney and other tissues to activate it.
Active vitamin D stimulates the uptake of calcium from food, is important for
the maintenance of healthy bones and also helps to regulate the response of
the immune system to infection.
It acts in bone marrow to stimulate the production of mature red blood cells and
to maintain healthy oxygen levels in our tissues.
SEX GLANDS AND HORMONES
https://www.visiblebody.com/learn/endocrin
e/hormones#anterior-pituitary
PITUITAR
Y
GLAND
The Hypothalamus Sends
Hormones to the Pituitary Gland to
Control the Endocrine System
THE THYROID AND PARATHYROID GLANDS INCREASE METABOLISM
AND REGULATE CALCIUM LEVELS
THYROID GLAND
Increase metabolism
Protein synthesis
Ghrelin is produced in the stomach, and its function is to tell the brain that the body has to
be fed. It increases appetite.
Gastrin is produced in the stomach when it is stretched. It stimulates the release of gastric
juice rich in pepsin and hydrochloric acid.
Secretin is produced in the duodenum and has the effect of stimulating the pancreas to
produce alkaline secretions as well as slowing the emptying of the stomach.
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is produced in the duodenum. It reduces appetite, slows down the
emptying of the stomach and stimulates the release of bile from the gall bladder.
Peptide YY (PYY) is produced in the last part of the small intestine known as the ileum as
well as parts of the large intestine. It plays a role in slowing down the passage of food along
the gut, which increases the efficiency of digestion and nutrient absorption after meal.
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is produced in the small intestine and colon and has
multiple actions including inhibition of gastric emptying and appetite as well as the
stimulation of insulin release.
PANCREAS – A DUAL-PURPOSE GLAND
It is also a part of the digestive system.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nCwRX7seya0
4.5 minutes
THANK YOU