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MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM DIAGRAM AND

COMPONENT OF MICROWAVE
ENGINEERING
Group 1
MICROWAVE CONCEPTS MICROWAVE
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
• Like any other communication system, a microwave communication system uses

transmitters, receivers, and antennas.
• The same modulation and multiplexing techniques used at lower frequencies are
also used in the microwave range.
• The RF part of the equipment, however, is physically different because of the
special circuits and components that are used to implement the components.
TRANSMITTERS
• Like any other transmitter, a microwave transmitter starts with a carrier generator
and a series of amplifiers.
• It also includes a modulator followed by more stages of power amplification.
• The final power amplifier applies the signal to the transmission line and antenna.
• A transmitter arrangement could have a mixer used to up-convert an initial carrier
signal with or without modulation to the final microwave frequency.
(a) Microwave transmitter using frequency multipliers to reach the microwave
frequency. The shaded stages operate in the microwave region.
(b) Microwave transmitter using up-conversion with a mixer to achieve an output in
the microwave range.
RECEIVER
• Microwave receivers, like low-frequency
receivers, are the superheterodyne type.Their
front ends are made up of microwave
components.Most receivers use double
conversion.
RECEIVER
• The antenna is connected to a tuned circuit, which could be a cavity resonator or
microstrip or stripline tuned circuit.
• The signal is then applied to a special RF amplifier known as a low-noise
amplifier (LNA).
• Another tuned circuit connects the amplified input signal to the mixer.
• The local oscillator signal is applied to the mixer.
• The mixer output is usually in the UHF or VHF range.
• The remainder of the receiver is typical of other superheterodynes.
A microwave receiver. The shaded areas denote microwave circuits.
TRANSMITION LINES
• Coaxial cable, most commonly used in lower-frequency
communication has very high attenuation at microwave frequencies
and conventional cable is unsuitable for carrying microwave signals.
• Special microwave coaxial cable that can be used on bands L, S, and
C is made of hard tubing. This low-loss coaxial cable is known as
hard line cable.
• At higher microwave frequencies, a special hollow rectangular or
circular pipe called waveguide is used for the transmission line.
ANTENNA
• At low microwave frequencies, standard antenna
types, including the simple dipole and one-quarter
wavelength vertical antenna, are still used.
• At these frequencies antennas are very small; for
example, a half-wave dipole at 2 GHz is about 3 in.
• At higher microwave frequencies, special antennas
are generally used.
MICROWAVE ANTENNA
Aperture antennas are used mostly at microwave frequencies.
The defining feature of this design is a large physical area, or
aperture. Reflector antennas are used mostly at microwave and
millimeter wave (MMV) frequencies; however, other antennas Array Antenna Horn Antenna
typically used at MW and MMW frequencies include:
The radiation characteristics of an aperture antenna depend

upon the energy distribution over the aperture. There are two Lens Antenna
ways to measure this:
MICROWAVE ANTENNA
AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION PHASE DISTRIBUTION
• Uniform distribution: More efficiency but higher • Planar distribution: Focused at infinity, like a camera
side lobes • Spherical distribution: Focused at a finite point
• Tapered distribution: Less efficiency but wider and • Other distribution: Create symmetry in radiation
lower side lobes characteristics
MICROWAVE LINES
AND DEVICES
• Although vacuum and microwave tubes like the
klystron and magnetron are still used, most microwave
systems use transistor amplifiers.
• Special geometries are used to make bipolar transistors
that provide voltage and power gain at frequencies up to
10 GHz.
• Microwave FET transistors have also been created.
• Monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs) are
widely used.
MAGNETRON
• The Magnetron is a high power microwave oscillator, uses the interaction of electric and
magnetic fields in a cavity to produce oscillations of very high power. It was invented by
Randall and Boot. The construction of cavity magnetron is shown in the figure. The
magnetron is a diode of cylindrical construction. It has an anode with permanent cavities and
a heated cathode.
KLYSTRON
• The Klystron can be used as an amplifier as well as oscillator at microwave frequencies. The
cathode at one end of the device emits a beam of electrons. These electrons are focused
(external magnetic focusing is not shown in the figure for simplicity) and attracted by a
positive electrode at the other end of the device.
TRAVELING WAVE TUBE (TWT)
• The Traveling-wave tube can be used as a medium or high power microwave, amplifier. The TWT, because
of its construction and working principle has enormous bandwidths and low noise. The heated cathode at
one end of the tube produces a beam of electrons and is attracted to the collector at the other end of the tube.
The input signal is fed at one end of the tube and an amplified version of the input signal is taken from the
other end.

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MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION

SYSTEM DIAGRAM AND

• Like any other communication system, a microwave communication system uses

The radiation characteristics of an aperture antenna depend

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