Ee 3125 Lecture 2

Design of
Lighting Scheme
(1) Direct lighting: In this type, the light directly falls from the source i.e. lamps. The shades or
globes are provided to cover the source from the line of vision. Such type of arrangement is shown
in Fig. Direct lighting is very efficient but it causes shadows and glare. The correct and uniform
light in a room is obtained by correctly locating the lamps at different places.
(2) Indirect lighting. As the name implies, in this case the light does not reach the surface
directly. In this case maximum light is thrown towards the ceiling from where it is diverted to
the room through diffuse reflection. The indirect lighting is suitable specially for drawing
offices, workshops where shadowless light is preferred. However there is one drawback in this
system that the illumination will be depressive to the eye.
Amount of Light to be received in different System of Lighting Scheme.
Systems Down wards wards
1. Direct
2. Semi direct
3. General Diffuse approx. approx. 50%
4. Mixed Diffuse
5. Semi-indirect
6. Indirect
Design of Lighting Scheme: For designing a lighting scheme the following
factors should be taken into account:
(i) Space-height ratio: It is defined as the ratio of horizontal distance between
lamps and the mounting height of the lamps, or Space-height ratio
In order to have a uniform illumination which can be only with reflectors, it is

necessary that the value of this should be properly chosen. When reflectors are
used, the value of this ratio is given as between 1 and 2 . The height of the source
should be between to from the ground level.
(ii) Utilization factor: The total light flux radiated out by the source is not utilized on the working
planes and its value is given as
Utilization factor
The value of this co-efficient depends upon the following conditions:

(a) the area to be illuminated;
(h) height at which the lamps are fitted:
(c) the colour of surrounding walls, ceiling fittings etc.;
(d) the type of lighting-direct or indirect.
The value for direct light varies from 0.25 to 0.5 while its value for indirect light varies from 0.1 to 0.3
(ii) Depreciation factor: When the lamps are covered with dust, dirt and smoke, they do
not radiate out same amount of flux as when they do at the time of fitting new lamps.
Similarly, after some time the walls and surrounding in which lamps are fitted are covered
with dirt and dust, so they do not reflect the same amount of light as compared with the initial
conditions. The depreciation factor takes into account all such loss of flux.
Its average value is 0.8 .
The depreciation factor is also given as
In this case, the value of depreciation factor is more than 1 and its value is 1.3 to 1.4 .
Table 6.3 indicates the light reflected from various coloured surroundings.
Colour of surfcee Light reflected in percentage
Light White
Light Cream to
Light Green
Light Grey
Medium Gray
Dark Tan
Dark Grey
Dark Olive Green
Dark Red
Natural
Total lumens required. The total gross lumens output

Example 1. A lamp having mean spherical candle power of 800 , is suspended at a
height of . Calculate (a) the total flux of light. h) the illumination just below the lamp.
Solution.
(a) Total lines of flux M.S.S.P.
=10,048 lumens. Ans.
(b) The illumination just below the lamp
Example 2. A room . is illuminated by twenty 200 watt lamps. The M.S.C.P. of each lamp is
250. Assuming a depreciation factor of 1.2 and utilization factor 0.6 , find the average
illumination produced on the floor.
Solution: Area of the room sq. .
Total number of lumens given by each lamp

250
Total number of lumens given by all lamps
Example 3. A workshop measures . and is lighted by 10 lamps which are each rated at 200 watts
and have an efficiency of 15 lumens/watts. Assuming a depreciation factor of 1.5 and a coefficient
of utilisation of 0.5 find the illumination at workshop plane.
[A.M.I.E. Sec. B, 1955 (Elect. Engg.)]
 Solution.
Total luminous output
Example 4. A workshop size . by . height is to be illuminated to 45 lumens per sq. ft.
on the working plane. If the coefficient of utilization is 0.5 and the source gives out 10
lumens per watt, find the total wattage required and number of lamps assuming
depreciation factor as 0.8 .
Solution.
Total lumens required lumens
Power required
watts. Ans.
if each lamp of 200 watts is to be fixed, then
No. of lamps lamps. Ans.
Example 5. An illumination on the working plane of . candle is required on a room . The lamps
are required to be hung . above the work benches. Assuming space / height ratio of 1.25,
utilisation factor of 0.5 and a candle power depreciation of . estimate the number, rating and
disposition of suitable lamps. Efficiency of a lamp may be taken as 0.5 watt per candle power.
Solution.
In view of Eqn. (6.19),
Output of the lamp for 0.5 watt C.P. = lumens
Output of the lamp for each watt lumens

Spacing of the lamps .
Now if 2 lamps are provided widthwise, the space height ratio will be too more; and if 3 lamps are
provided, the ratio will be 1.10. approx. which will be acceptable.
Similarly 14 lamps can be placed lengthwise, bringing the number of lamps as .

Touching live and earth or live and neutral
makes a person part of the electrical
circuit and can lead to an electric shock.
Why is the fuse not
used in the neutral?
A single fuse in the neutral conductor
provides protection for neutral-to-phase
faults, but not for phase-to-ground faults.
Electric Earthing and Shock
The meaning of the term earthing or grounding is to connect the electrical equipment to
the general mass of earth by wire of negligible resistance. This brings the body of the
electrical equipment to zero potential and thus will avoid the shock to the operator. The
neutral of the supply system is also solidly earthed to ensure its potential equal to zero.
According to Indian Electricity Rules, "the earthed or connected with earth means
connected with the general mass of the earth in such manner as to ensure at all times an
immediate discharge of energy without danger.
Neutral Wire
The neutral is connected to the

junction of the three-phases at the
generating end.
EEE, KUET 20
Why grounding is required??
EEE, KUET 21
EEE, KUET 22
EEE, KUET 23
EEE, KUET 24
Comparison
EEE, KUET 25
Why the fuse is not used in the neutral?
EEE, KUET 26
Connection with Earth
The earth resistance depends upon many factors
as detailed below.
a) Material of electrode and earth wire
b) Size of electrode and earth wire
c) Temperature of the soil
d) Moisture of the soil
e) Depth to which it is embedded
f) Quantity of coal and charcoal in the earth electrode pit
Maximum value beyond which the earth electrode resistance

should not be increased is 5 ohms.
However, for better performance at power house and substation,

its value should be 0.5 ohm and 1 ohm, respectively.
EEE, KUET 27
Connection with Earth
Methods of Earthing:
Earthing through a water main
Pipe earthing
Plate earthing
EEE, KUET 28
Electric Shock
EEE, KUET 29

Ee 3125 Lecture 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ee 3125 Lecture 2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ee 3125 Lecture 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Design of

Systems Down wards wards

3. General Diffuse approx. approx. 50%

In order to have a uniform illumination which can be only with reflectors, it is

The value of this co-efficient depends upon the following conditions:

Its average value is 0.8 .

The depreciation factor is also given as

Total lumens required. The total gross lumens output

Total number of lumens given by each lamp

Output of the lamp for 0.5 watt C.P. = lumens

Output of the lamp for each watt lumens

Similarly 14 lamps can be placed lengthwise, bringing the number of lamps as .

The neutral is connected to the

Maximum value beyond which the earth electrode resistance

However, for better performance at power house and substation,

Earthing through a water main

You might also like