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Illegal Alignment/
Improper Server
Penalties for illegal positioning: For illegal
alignment, point/side-out is awarded the
opponent for: Overlapping by players
other than the server at the moment a
legal serve occurs. Positioning, at the
moment of a legal serve, of any player,
other than the server, outside the
boundaries of the playing area.
Line Violation
Whenever the ball lands completely
outside of the boundary lines, touches
the antennae or another illegal object, the
referee raises the forearms vertically,
hands open, palms towards the body
Illegal Hit
When a player attacks the ball
illegally, extend the arm straight up
above the shoulder with hand
open. Bend at the elbow and make a
downward motion toward the
opposing team. The downward motion
ends at just above eye level as to not
block your vision of the court. After the
signal, indicate the player at fault.
Delay of Service
If the server does not hit the ball within 5
seconds after the referee whistles for
service, the referee raises five fingers,
spread open
Over-the-Net
If a player touches the ball or an
opponent in the opponent's space before
or during the opponent's attack hit, the
referee, places a hand above the net,
palm facing downwards.
Net Foul or Net
Serve
A net foul occurs when the ball is in
play and a player contacts any part of
the net, including net cables and
antennas. It is not a foul when a player's
hair touches the net or the force of the
ball pushes the net into a player.
Legal Back Row
Attack
A whistle is blown to initiate and to
end each play. The official will first signal
the fault or cause of the play ending, and
then signal which team won the point.
Illegal Attack of
Serve/ Back Row
Attack
The first referee directs the game from a
stand and a second referee stands
opposite near the net. A whistle is
blown to initiate and to end each play.
The official will first signal the fault or
cause of the play ending, and then signal
which team won the point.
Illegal Block or
Screening
Raise both arms, elbows bent, palms

facing forward. Then indicate player
who committed the fault.
Ball Touched
This signal indicates the ball was
touched by the player on the side the
ball went out of bounds. Put your arm
at 90 degrees on the side of the team
that touched the ball. Brush the finger
tips once with fingers of opposite hand.
Only brush once. Line Fault (Hand
Signals Volleyball)
Four Hits
Four Hits. If a team hits the ball four

times before returning it, the referee
raises four fingers, spread open.
Double Hit
Two fingers up. Ball contacted more

than once by a player. The block does
not count.
Ball Lands In-
Bounds
When the ball lands in the court within
the boundary lines, this ball is indicated
"in". Signal by extending the arm with
hand open toward the court. The arm
should be 45 degrees away from the
body.
Out-of-Bounds/
Antenna Violation
A ball hitting a boundary line is in. A ball
is out if it hits an antennae, the floor
completely outside the court, any of
the net or cables outside the
antennae, the referee stand or pole, or
the ceiling above a non-playable area
Begin Serve
Start with the arm straight out from

the shoulder. The arm is also parallel to
the floor. Hand is open with the palm
facing forward. Whistle first, then signal.
Authorization
to Enter
This is done only after players have
made eye contact with you. Extend the
arm and at thigh level, make a forward
sweeping motion with the palm facing
forward. The first referee doesn't repeat
this signal.
Point
Whenever a team successfully scores

a point, the referee lifts their hand in
that direction.
Replay/ Re-serve
If two or more faults are committed by
opponents simultaneously, a double fault
is called and the rally is replayed,
signaled by the ref raising both thumbs
vertically.
Substitution
When a player on the court is replaced

by one from the bench. Referee makes a
circular motion of the forearms around
each other.
Illegal
Substitution
An illegal substitution in volleyball
is when a player is substituted
illegally, not following the rules for
executing substitutions properly. This
can happen when a non-registered player
is substituted into the game or when a
team uses more substitutions than
allowed during a set.
Team Time-Out
Each team is allowed to call two timeouts

during each game (set). A timeout lasts
30 seconds. A time-out can't be
requested while the ball is in play. When
requesting a time-out, it must be done
after a rally has ended and before the
whistle has been blown to allow for the
next serve.
Officials
Time-Out
A timeout is an official pause in the
game. It can only be called when the ball
is not in play, and before the referee has
blown the whistle to signal the next
serve. For all competitions that
VolleyPedia has researched, the common
number of timeouts in volleyball is 2 per
set, per team.
Unnecessary Delay
Unnecessary delays include, but are not

limited to, the following: A. A team
requests a third timeout in a game
after it has already used it allotted
timeouts. B. A team delays recovering a
dead ball, which has gone out of bounds.
End of Game
To win a game, a team must score 25

points with a two-point difference. If
they're too closely matched, the game
can continue over the 25-point
maximum. On the final deciding game
of the match it's only played until 15
points, but the two-point difference still
applies
Change of Courts
once the leading team reaches 8
points, the teams change courts
without delay and the player positions
remain the same. If the change is not
made once the leading team reaches 8
points, it will take place as soon as the
error is noticed.

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Minimalist Business

Raise both arms, elbows bent, palms

Four Hits. If a team hits the ball four

Two fingers up. Ball contacted more

Start with the arm straight out from

Whenever a team successfully scores

When a player on the court is replaced

Each team is allowed to call two timeouts

Unnecessary delays include, but are not

To win a game, a team must score 25

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