Introduction to Programming

Course Introduction
Programming Languages CSE-112 Credit hours: 2-1
2 classes / week 1 lab / week

Introduction to Programming

Course Contents
Topics Introduction to Programming, IDE, Console output, Good programming practices Algorithms, Pseudo codes, Flow Charts Implicit and Explicit Type conversions, Logical and Mathematical operators Conditions Loops Single and Multidimensional Arrays Functions, Scope, Lifetime, Recursive functions

Introduction to Programming

Course Contents
Topics
Strings Pointers Structures, Unions and Enumerations Indexing, file input output Dynamic Memory Allocation (DMA), Application of DMA in a linked list Classes and Objects Inheritance, Polymorphism, Encapsulation Data Structures : Stacks, queues, trees

Introduction to Programming

Grading Policy
Distribution Percentages Assignments Quizzes 0% 15%

OHT
Project Final

30%
15% 40%

Introduction to Programming

Books
COURSE TEXT BOOK
Object oriented programming in C++(4th edition) Robert Lafore C++ How to program(4th edition) Deitel & Deitel

REFERENCE BOOK
Let us C++ - Yashavant Kanetkar Aikman Series-Programming in C++ object oriented programming - C M Aslam C++ An Introduction to Programming Jesse Liberty, Jim Keogh Programming and Problem Solving with C++ (4th Edition) - Nell Dalle
Introduction to Programming

Introduction

Introduction to Programming

Computer Software
Application Software
Word processors, spread sheets, presentation managers

System Software
Programs that support the execution and development of other programs
Operating systems Translation systems

Introduction to Programming

Translation System
Set of programs used to develop software Translators
Compiler Linker

Examples
Microsoft Visual C++ JBuilder

Introduction to Programming

Computer Languages
Three types of computer languages
Machine Level language
Only language computer directly understands Consists of strings of numbers (0s and 1s)

Assembly language
Abbreviations representing elementary computer operations Requires many instructions to accomplish simple tasks LOAD, ADD, STORE

High level language

Single statements accomplish substantial tasks C++ , Java
Introduction to Programming

Program Writing
Source Program

Compile Library routines Edit Link Other object files Think Load

Execute

Introduction to Programming

IDEs
Integrated Development Environments or IDEs
Supports the entire software development cycle
MS Visual C++, Borland

Provides all the capabilities for developing software

Editor Compiler Linker Loader Debugger Viewer

Introduction to Programming

A Sample Program
// first program in C++
#include <iostream.h> void main (void) {

cout << "Hello ";

}

Introduction to Programming

Executing the Program

// first program in C++ #include <iostream.h> void main (void) { cout << "Hello "; }

Source file Test.cpp

Test.cpp

Compile

Test.obj Link Test.exe

Test.obj + Libraries

Introduction to Programming

A Sample Program
// first program in C++ A comment

#include <iostream.h>

Header File : contains function declarations Start function

void main (void)

{

cout << "Hello "; }

Program Statements

Introduction to Programming

Program Output
Output Terminal?
Console Data File Terminal ports/ sockets

Console Output
cout << In the header file iostream

Introduction to Programming

Escape Sequences
Escape Sequence Description
\n \t \r \a \\ \" Newline. Position the screen cursor to the beginning of the next line. Horizontal tab. Move the screen cursor to the next tab stop. Carriage return. Position the screen cursor to the beginning of the current line; do not advance to the next line. Alert. Sound the system bell. Backslash. Used to print a backslash character. Double quote. Used to print a double quote character.

Console Output
How to generate the following output: ****************** Name My name Roll No My roll no ******************
Introduction to Programming

Good Programming Practices

First design the basic flow chart of the program Write the pseudo code
Simple English statements

Algorithm
English and Programming terms

Code the algorithm

Use already given libraries, dont re-invent the wheel

Check for errors

Different types of errors

Example : Even /odd numbers

Introduction to Programming

Program Errors
Compiler Errors
#include <iostream.h> void main (void) { cout << "Hello "

Error Test.cpp 4: Statement Missing ; in function main() Error Test.cpp 4: Compound Statement missing } in function main()

Program Errors
Linker Errors
#include <iostream.h> void Main (void) { cout << "Hello "; }

Linker Error: Undefined Symbol _main

Program Errors
Run-Time Errors
#include <iostream.h> void main (void) { int a=0; int b=10; double c = b/a;

}
These errors dont reveal themselves until the program executes.

Program Errors
Conceptual Errors
#include <iostream.h> void main (void) {

int a=4;
int b=10; int c = b/a; cout << c = << c; } The program is not doing what you expect it to do.

Programming Basics

C++ Data Types

Integer Data types
char short int long

Floating Point Data types

float double long double

Programming Basics

C++ Data Types

Data Type
char short int long float double

No. of Bytes
1 2 4 4 4 8

No. of Bits
8 16 32 32 32 64

long double

10

80

Programming Basics

C++ Data Types

Integer Data Types
Range Unsigned Data Types
Type
short
int long

Sign
signed unsigned
Signed unsigned signed unsigned

Size

Min Value

Max Value
32767 65535
2,147,483,647 4,294,967,295 2,147,483,647 4,294,967,295

16 bits -32768 0
32 bits -2,147,483,648 0 32 bits -2,147,483,648 0

Programming Basics

Declarations
Declarations
Constant Declarations Variable Declarations

Constant Declarations

Constants are used to store values that never change during the program execution.

Using constants makes programs more readable and maintainable.

Programming Basics

Declarations
Constant Declarations
Syntax
const <type> <identifier> = <expression>;

Example
const double PI = 3.1459;

Programming Basics

Declarations
Variable Declarations
Variables are used to store values that can be changed during the program execution

Syntax:
< type > < identifier >; < type > < identifier > = < expression >;

Examples:
int sum; int total = 3445; char answer = 'y'; double temperature = -3.14

Programming Basics

Declarations
A variable has a type and it can contain only values of that type. For example, a variable of the type int can only hold integer values Variables are not automatically initialized. For example, after declaration int sum; the value of the variable sum can be anything (garbage).

Thus, it is good practice to initialize variables when they are declared. Once a value has been placed in a variable it stays there until the program deliberately alters it.
Programming Basics

Declarations
Constants and variables must be declared before they can be used When you declare a constant or a variable, the compiler:

Reserves a memory location in which to store the value of the constant or variable. Associates the name of the constant or variable with the memory location.
integer1 45

int integer1 = 45;

Programming Basics

Identifiers
Series of Characters (letters, digits, underscores) Must NOT start with a digit (0 9) Must not be a C++ keyword Case Sensitive

Programming Basics

Lvalues & Rvalues

Lvalues
Expressions that can appear on left side of equation Can be changed (I.e., variables)
x = 4;

Rvalues
Only appear on right side of equation Constants, such as numbers (i.e. cannot write 4 = x;)

Lvalues can be used as Rvalues, but not vice versa

Programming Basics

Example
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 // Addition program. #include <iostream.h> // function main void main() { int integer1; int integer2; int sum; begins program execution

// first number to be input by user // second number to be input by user // variable in which sum will be stored

cout << "Enter first integer:\n"; // prompt cin >> integer1; // read an integer cout << "Enter second integer:\n"; // prompt cin >> integer2; // read an integer

sum = integer1 + integer2;

// assign result to sum

cout << "Sum is " << sum << endl; // print sum

} // end function main

Programming Basics

Input Value
Input Source?
Console Data File

Console Input
cin >> In the header file iostream

Programming Basics

Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic calculations
*
Multiplication

/
Division Integer division truncates remainder
7 / 5 evaluates to 1

%
Modulus operator returns remainder
7 % 5 evaluates to 2

+ and
Addition and Subtraction
Programming Basics

Arithmetic Operators
Rules of operator precedence
Operator(s)
()

Operation(s)
Parentheses

Order of evaluation (precedence)

Evaluated first. If the parentheses are nested, the expression in the innermost pair is evaluated first. If there are several pairs of parentheses on the same level (i.e., not nested), they are evaluated left to right. Evaluated second. If there are several, they re evaluated left to right. Evaluated last. If there are several, they are evaluated left to right.

*, /, or %

Multiplication Division Modulus Addition Subtraction

+ or -

Programming Basics

Arithmetic Operators
Priority of operators
a = 5 + 7 % 2; we may doubt if it really means:
a = 5 + (7 % 2) with result 6 or a = (5 + 7) % 2 with result 0

Parentheses are included when one is not sure

sizeof ( )
returns the size in bytes a = sizeof (char)

Programming Basics

Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic Assignment Operators a = a + b; a+=b;
void main(void) { int number = 15; number +=10; cout << number << number -=7; cout << number << number *=2; cout << number << number %=2; cout << number << }
Programming Basics

endl; endl; endl; endl;

25 18 36 0

Arithmetic Operators
Increment Operators

count = count + 1; count +=1; count++; OR ++count;

int a = 5; int b = 10; int c = a * ++b;

int a = 5; int b = 10; int c = a * b++;

50

55

Programming Basics

Arithmetic Operators
Decrement Operators

count = count - 1; count -=1; count--; OR --count;

prefix

postfix

Programming Basics

Arithmetic Operators
void main() { int count = 10;
cout cout cout cout cout } << << << << << count << endl; ++count << endl; count << endl; count++ << endl; count << endl;

10 11 11 11 12

Programming Basics

Type Conversion
Automatic Type Conversion Casting
Automatic Type Conversion:
void main (void) { int number = 2; float factor = 1.5; double result = number * factor; cout << Result is: << result; }

Programming Basics

Type Conversion
Casting
void main(void) { short number = 30000; //-32768 to 32767 short result = (number * 10) / 10; cout << Result is: << result; //Result Incorrect number = 30000; result = ( long(number) * 10 ) / 10; //Casting cout << Result is: << result; }

Programming Basics

Relational Operators
To evaluate comparison between two expressions
Result : True / False
Standard algebraic equality operator or relational operator Relational operators
> <

C++ equality Example or relational of C++ operator condition

> < >= <= x > y x < y x >= y x <= y

Meaning of C++ condition

x is greater than y x is less than y x is greater than or equal to y x is less than or equal to y

Equality operators
=

== !=

x == y x != y

x is equal to y x is not equal to y

Programming Basics

Relational Operators
Examples
(7 == 5) would return false (3 != 2) would return true (6 >= 6) would return true

If a=2, b=3 and c=6

(a*b >= c) would return true since it is (2*3 >= 6) (b+4 > a*c) would return false since it is (3+4 > 2*6) ((b=2) == a) would return true

Programming Basics

Equality (==) and Assg (=) Operators

Common error : Does not cause syntax errors

Example
if ( payCode == 4 ) cout << "You get a bonus!;

If == was replaced with =

if ( payCode = 4 ) cout << "You get a bonus!;

PayCode set to 4 (no matter what it was before) Statement is true (since 4 is non-zero) Bonus given in every case
Programming Basics

Logical Operators
NOT, AND, OR : ( !, &&, || )
Operator ! is equivalent to Boolean operation NOT
! (5 == 5) ! (6 <= 4) ! true ! false returns false returns true returns false. returns true.

Logic operators && and || are used when evaluating two expressions to obtain a single result
((5 == 5) && (3 > 6)) returns false (true && false) ((5 == 5) || (3 > 6)) returns true ( true || false ).

Programming Basics

Conditional Operators
condition ? result1 : result2
if condition is true the expression will return result1, if not it will return result2

Examples
7==5 ? 4 : 3 returns 3 since 7 is not equal to 5. 7==5+2 ? 4 : 3 returns 4 since 7 is equal to 5+2 a>b ? a : b returns the greater one, a or b

Programming Basics

Bitwise Operators
Bitwise Operators ( &, |, ^, ~, <<, >> )
& | ^ ~ << >> AND OR XOR NOT SHL SHR Logical AND Logical OR Logical exclusive OR Complement to one (bit inversion) Shift Left Shift Right

Programming Basics