Discipline in History

DISCIPLINE
IN
HISTORY
BSIT 1-A GROUP 1
Discipline in History
Historians
关于公司 adhere to specific principles
and methodologies to investigate and
interpret historical events, processes, and
phenomena.
As a discipline, history requires a

deliberative stance towards the past; the
sophisticated use of information,
evidence, and argumentation; and the
ability to identify and explain continuity
and change over time.
Source: https://www.historians.org
Core Competencies and Learning
Outcomes
History students can:
• Interpretation
The interpretation of historical evidence is a central

component of historical discipline. Historians analyze and
evaluate sources to construct narratives and explanations of
past events and developments.
• Research Methods
Historians employ a range of research methods, including

archival research, oral history interviews, document analysis, and
archaeological excavations, to gather evidence and sources
about the past.
• Historiography
The writing of history, especially the writing of history based

on the critical examination of sources, the selection of particular
details from the authentic materials in those sources, and the
synthesis of those details into a narrative that stands the test of
critical examination.
Source : https://www.britannica.com
• Causation
Historians explore the causes and consequences of historical

events, seeking to understand why events occurred and how they
influenced subsequent developments.
• Primary and Secondary Sources
Historians distinguish between primary sources (original

documents, artifacts, eyewitness accounts) and secondary
sources (interpretations and analyses by other historians)
when conducting research.
• Periodization
Historians divide history into periods or eras to facilitate the

study of specific themes and developments. Periodization helps
in organizing historical knowledge.
Source : https://www.britannica.com
• Historical Schools of Thought
Different schools of historical thought and

interpretation, such as Marxist history, cultural
history, and social history, offer diverse
approaches to understanding the past.
This approach works well for topics that

attracted the interest of historians from multiple
schools of thought.
Take the example of British imperial

expansion in the 18th century. Historians have
produced a canon of works about this subject
based on gender theory, race theory,
environmental history, economical history,
subaltern history, to name just a few.
Source: https://library.villanova.edu/
• Ethics and Objectivity
Historians adhere to ethical standards, aiming for objectivity

and fairness in their research and interpretation. They
acknowledge biases and strive to present a balanced view of
history.
关于公司
• Public History
Public history is a subfield that focuses on

engaging the public with historical knowledge through
museums, exhibitions, documentaries, and other
accessible formats.
• Teaching and Education
Historians play a crucial role in teaching history at various

educational levels, from primary schools to universities, to promote
historical literacy and critical thinking.
Historians may be involved in efforts to preserve historical sites, documents, and artifacts for future
• Historical generations. Why is it important to preserve historical?
Preservation
The ability to revisit these preserved elements from time to time provides us with a sense
of place, and maintains continuity between our past and our present by preserving a trail of
how we arrived at where, and who we are today.
• Comparative History
The aim of comparative history is to achieve a better understanding of

historical institutions or ideas by seeing how they differ between societies
or across time. The comparative history of societies emerged as an important
specialty among intellectuals in the Enlightenment in the 18th century, as
typified by Montesquieu, Voltaire, Adam Smith, and others. Sociologists and
economists in the 19th century often explored comparative history, as
exemplified by Alexis de Tocqueville, Karl Marx, and Max Weber.
In the first half of the 20th century, a large reading public followed the
comparative histories of Oswald Spengler,Pitirim Sorokin, and Arnold J.
Toynbee. Since the 1950s, however, comparative history has faded from the
public view, and is now the domain of specialized scholars working
independently.
What is an example of comparative history?
Marx's analysis of different types of society, Weber's of different

systems and Toynbee's of civilisations are all examples of comparative
history.
Source: https://archives.history.ac.uk/makinghistory/
• Global and Transnational
History
Historians increasingly study

history from a global and
transnational perspective, considering
the interconnectedness of societies
and events across borders.
What is an example of Global and

Transistional History?
The consensus is that transnational

history is concerned with circulations
of any sort: migration, ideas,
commodities, etc., and as such may
be based in the study of a specific
network or a geographical area
associated with such networks such
as oceans and borderlands.
source:https://transnationalhistory.net/
Dr. Johann
Friedrich
Struensee
J. Robert
CORE COMPETANCIES
Oppenheimer
AND LEARNING
OUTCOMES
Dr. Franz
Anton
Mesmer
• Build historical knowledge
Gather and contextualize information in order to convey both

the particularity of past lives and the scale of human experience.
Recognize how humans in the past shaped their own unique
historical moments and were shaped by those moments.
• Develop historical methods
Recognize history as an interpretive account of the

human past—one that historians create in the present from
surviving evidence.
Collect, sift, organize, question, synthesize, and interpret
complex material.
• Recognize the provisional nature of knowledge
The disciplinary preference for complexity, and the comfort with

ambiguity that history requires. Welcome contradictory perspectives and
data, which enable us to provide more accurate accounts and construct
stronger arguments.
Describe past events from multiple perspectives.
• Apply the range of skills it takes to decode the historical record
Because of its incomplete, complex, and contradictory nature.

Consider a variety of historical sources for credibility, position, perspective, and
relevance.Evaluate historical arguments, explaining how they were constructed and
might be improved. Revise analyses and narratives when new evidence requires it.
• Create historical arguments and narratives.
Generate substantive, open-ended questions about the past and

develop research strategies to answer them. Craft well-supported historical
narratives, arguments, and reports of research findings in a variety of media
for a variety of audiences.
• Use historical perspective as central to

active citizenship.
Apply historical knowledge and historical thinking to

contemporary issues. Develop positions that reflect
deliberation, cooperation, and diverse perspectives.
Source: https://www.historians.org
The discipline of history is
diverse关于公司
and constantly evolving,
with historians continuously
refining their methodologies and
interpretations to gain a deeper
understanding of the past. It is a
critical field for preserving and
analyzing human experiences,
cultures, and societies across time.
QUESTION:
How has the way we write and talk about

history changed over time, and can you provide
some examples of how our understanding of
important historical events has shifted because
of this?
source: Michael Collins 1996

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DISCIPLINE

As a discipline, history requires a

The interpretation of historical evidence is a central

Historians employ a range of research methods, including

The writing of history, especially the writing of history based

Historians explore the causes and consequences of historical

• Primary and Secondary Sources

Historians distinguish between primary sources (original

Historians divide history into periods or eras to facilitate the

Different schools of historical thought and

This approach works well for topics that

Take the example of British imperial

Historians adhere to ethical standards, aiming for objectivity

Public history is a subfield that focuses on

• Teaching and Education

Historians play a crucial role in teaching history at various

The aim of comparative history is to achieve a better understanding of

What is an example of comparative history?

Marx's analysis of different types of society, Weber's of different

Historians increasingly study

What is an example of Global and

The consensus is that transnational

Gather and contextualize information in order to convey both

• Develop historical methods

Recognize history as an interpretive account of the

• Recognize the provisional nature of knowledge

The disciplinary preference for complexity, and the comfort with

Because of its incomplete, complex, and contradictory nature.

• Create historical arguments and narratives.

Generate substantive, open-ended questions about the past and

• Use historical perspective as central to

Apply historical knowledge and historical thinking to

How has the way we write and talk about

source: Michael Collins 1996

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