Modyul 1 (Introduksyon Sa Kasaysayan)

HISTORICAL THINKING CONCEPTS
(Seixas Peter)
1. Establish historical significance

- Significance depends upon one’s perspective and purpose.
- Significant events include those that resulted in great change for large
numbers of people.
- Events can acquire significance if historians can link to larger trends and
stories that reveal something important for us today.
2. Use primary source evidence
- Letters, documents, records, diaries, drawings, newspaper accounts and
other bits and pieces left behind by those who have passed on — are
treasures to the historian.
- These are primary sources that can give up the secrets of life in the past.
- Reading a source for evidence demands a different approach than reading
a source for information.
- To use them well, we set them in their historical contexts and make
inferences from them to help us understand more about what was going on
when they were created.
3. Identify continuity and change
- History is a complex mix of continuity and change.
- Looking for change where common sense suggests that there has been
none.
- Looking for continuities where we assumed that there was change.
4. Analyze cause and consequence
- In examining both tragedies and accomplishments in the past, we are usually
interested in the questions of how and why.
- In history we need to consider human agency.
- People as individuals and groups play part in promoting, shaping and
resisting change.
- People have motivations and reasons for taking actions.
- Causes are multiple and layered.
5. Take historical perspectives
- Taking historical perspective means understanding the social, cultural,
intellectual, and emotional settings that shaped people’s lives and
actions in the past.
- Understanding diverse perspectives is also a key to historical perspective-
taking.
- Taking historical perspective demands comprehension of the vast
differences between us in the present and those in the past.
6. Understand ethical dimensions of historical interpretations
- Taking historical perspective demands that we understand the differences
between our ethical universe and those of bygone societies.
- We should expect to learn something from the past that helps us to face
the ethical issues of today.
Thinking Like a Historian

(Sam Wineburg)
Historians as Detectives: Searching for Evidence Among Primary Resources
➢ Historians argue about the past’s meaning and what it has to tell us in the present.
➢ Persuasive opinions are backed up by evidence.
➢ Not every opinion deserves to be believed.
➢ Historians are detectives searching for evidence among primary sources to a
mystery that can never be completely resolved.
What is Historical Thinking?
➢ Not all historians possess factual knowledge about every topic but what they have is
a historical approach to primary sources.
➢ Historians often prepare a list of questions before approaching a document.
Teaching Students to Think Historically
➢ Teaching a way of thinking requires making thinking visible.

➢ We need to show students how historians think.
1. Explain and evaluate multiple differing perspectives on a given historical

phenomenon.
2. Contextualization
- Involves ability to connect historical events and processes to specific
circumstances of time and place to broader regional, national, or global
processes.
3. Historical Argumentation
- Involves ability to define and frame questions about the past and address
that question through construction of argument.
- Analyze commonly accepted historical arguments and how an argument has
been constructed from historical evidence.
- Construct convincing interpretations through analysis of historical evidence.
- Evaluate and synthesize conflicting historical evidence to construct
persuasive historical arguments.
4. Appropriate use of relevant historical evidence
- Involves ability to describe and evaluate evidence of the past from diverse
sources.
- Involves capacity to extract useful information and draw appropriate
conclusions from historical evidence.
- Analyze features of historical evidence such as audience, purpose, point of
view, format, argument, limitations and context germane to evidence.

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HISTORICAL THINKING CONCEPTS

1. Establish historical significance

Thinking Like a Historian

Historians as Detectives: Searching for Evidence Among Primary Resources

What is Historical Thinking?

Teaching Students to Think Historically

➢ Teaching a way of thinking requires making thinking visible.

1. Explain and evaluate multiple differing perspectives on a given historical

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