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    Chap 11 - Acid and Base

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    Jason Kean Seng
    1. To make soluble salts, choose an acid and base that will react to form the desired salt and water. Common reactions are acid + base → salt + water and acid + metal oxide → salt + water. 2. Soluble salts contain ions from metals in Groups 1 and 2 and non-metals. Insoluble salts contain ions like Ag+, Pb2+, and Ba2+. 3. To make insoluble salts, choose two soluble salts where each contains one ion in the insoluble salt. Mixing the salts will cause precipitation of the insoluble salt.

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    Chap 11 - Acid and Base

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    Jason Kean Seng
    8 views33 pages
    1. To make soluble salts, choose an acid and base that will react to form the desired salt and water. Common reactions are acid + base → salt + water and acid + metal oxide → salt + water. 2. Soluble salts contain ions from metals in Groups 1 and 2 and non-metals. Insoluble salts contain ions like Ag+, Pb2+, and Ba2+. 3. To make insoluble salts, choose two soluble salts where each contains one ion in the insoluble salt. Mixing the salts will cause precipitation of the insoluble salt.

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    1. To make soluble salts, choose an acid and base that will react to form the desired salt and water. Common reactions are acid + base → salt + water and acid + metal oxide → salt + water. 2. Soluble salts contain ions from metals in Groups 1 and 2 and non-metals. Insoluble salts contain ions like Ag+, Pb2+, and Ba2+. 3. To make insoluble salts, choose two soluble salts where each contains one ion in the insoluble salt. Mixing the salts will cause precipitation of the insoluble salt.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    8 views33 pages

    Chap 11 - Acid and Base

    Uploaded by

    Jason Kean Seng
    1. To make soluble salts, choose an acid and base that will react to form the desired salt and water. Common reactions are acid + base → salt + water and acid + metal oxide → salt + water. 2. Soluble salts contain ions from metals in Groups 1 and 2 and non-metals. Insoluble salts contain ions like Ag+, Pb2+, and Ba2+. 3. To make insoluble salts, choose two soluble salts where each contains one ion in the insoluble salt. Mixing the salts will cause precipitation of the insoluble salt.

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    You are on page 1of 33

    CHAPTER 11- ACID & ALKALI

    ACID
    Common Acid use in Chemical Formula
    Properties of Acid: Lab

    • Sour in taste Hydrochloric acid HCl


    • Have pH value of less than 7.
    Sulphuric Acid H2SO4
    • Corrosive
    • The lower the pH value, the
    Nitric Acid HNO3
    more corrosive the acid will be.
    Ethanoic acid CH3COOH
    ALKALI
    Properties of Alkali:
    Common Acid use in Chemical Formula
    • Bitter in taste Lab
    • Have pH value of more than 7. Sodium hydroxide NaOH

    • Soapy fell when touch Potassium Hydroxide KOH

    • Corrosive Ammonia NH3

    • The higher the pH value, the Calcium Carbonate CaCO3

    more corrosive the acid will be.


    INDICATOR

    • Indicator is a substances which


    can be used to indicate
    whether a substances is acidic
    or not.
    • Indicator will show different
    color when it expose to acid /
    alkali.
    Indicator Acidic Neutral Alkaline
    Universal Yellowish / Green Bluish /
    Indicator Red Purplish
    EXPLANATION OF ACID
    • When an acid dissolved in water, it dissociate (break up) into H+ ions and another
    negative ion.
    • For example:
    HCl --> H+ + Cl-
    • The higher the dissociation rate, the stronger the acid will be. The stronger the acid, the lower
    the pH and the higher the conductivity.
    • Inorganic acid such as sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid and nitric acid are strong acid because
    they dissociate 100% into H+ when dissolve in water.
    • Organic acid on the other hand is weaker because they only dissociate partially into H +.
    EXPLANATION OF ALKALI
    • Alkali will dissociate into OH- and a positively charged ion when dissolved in
    water.
    • OH- is the ions that make a solution alkaline.
    • The higher the dissociation rate, the stronger the alkali will be. The stronger the
    alkali, the higher the pH and the higher the conductivity.
    • In comparison to NaOH, NH3 is a weaker alkali as it only partially dissociate into
    OH- whereas NaOH dissociate 100% into a positively charge ions and OH-.
    BASE AND ALKALI

    • All alkalis are bases but not all bases are alkali.
    • Bases cannot dissolve in water whereas all alkali can dissolve in
    water.
    • Example of bases include metal oxide, some carbonates such as
    calcium carbonate.

    Alkali Base
    APPLICATION OF NEUTRALIZATION

    • Neutralization is the process of when alkaline / base react with acid to produce water
    and salt.

    • Examples of neutralization application includes:


    • Neutralizing the acidic soil with calcium carbonate so that the soil is fit for crops growing again.
    • Brushing teeth with toothpaste may neutralize the acid generated by the bacteria in the mouth.
    This can prevent tooth decay.
    RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN REACTION OF
    ACID WITH BASE AND REDOX REACTION
    • When hydrochloric acid react with sodium, sodium chloride and hydrogen is formed.

    HCl + Na  NaCl + H2

    • From the chemical equation above, we can check if the reaction above is redox
    reaction or not by stating the oxidation number / states of each atom.

    • From the changes of oxidation states above, the reaction above is redox reaction
    because:
    I. The oxidation state of Hydrogen reduce from +1 to 0. Thus, hydrogen undergo reduction.
    II. The oxidation state of sodium increase from 0 to +1. Thus, sodium undergoes oxidation.
    III. Since both oxidation and reduction happens at the same time, the reaction above is
    redox reaction.
    QUIZ – REACTION OF ACIDS

    • Write the complete word equation and chemical formula equation for the following
    reactions:

    1. Ethanoic acid + potassium hydroxide  Potassium ethanoate + water


    2. Hydrochloric acid + Magnesium carbonate  Magnesium chloride + carbon dioxide + water
    3. Zinc + sulphuric acid  Zin sulphate + hydrogen

    4. Calcium + nitric acid  Calcium nitrate + hydrogen

    5. Sodium oxide + Ethanoic acid  Sodium ethanoate + water


    QUIZ
    • Write a complete balanced chemical formula equation
    for the reactions below:
    a) Sodium oxide + ethanoic acid 

    b) Calcium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid 

    c) Potassium carbonate + sulphuric acid -->


    d) Aluminium + nitric acid -->
    e) Zinc + hydrochloric acid 
    QUIZ
    • Write a complete balanced chemical formula equation for the reactions below:
    a) Lithium + Hydrochloric acid 
    b) Potassium oxide + sulphuric acid 
    c) Calcium carbonate + hydrochloric acid -->
    d) Ethanoic acid + magnesium hydroxide 
    e) Aluminium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid 
    f) Zinc + ethanoic acid 
    g) Sodium carbonate + nitric acid 
    h) Sodium + sulphuric acid 
    i) Zinc oxide + sulphuric acid 
    j) Potassium carbonate + ethanoic acid 
    A CLOSER LOOK ON NEUTRALIZATION
    THE IONIC EQUATION OF
    NEUTRALIZATION
    IONIC EQUATION OF NEUTRALIZATION
    PROTON DONOR AND PROTON ACCEPTOR
    QUIZ

    • WRITE THE COMPLETE CHEMICAL EQUATION FOR THE REACTION below


    1. Sodium + hydrochloric acid
    2. Potassium hydroxide + sulphuric acid
    3. Magnesium carbonate + nitric acid
    4. Calcium + ethanoic acid
    BASIC OXIDE

    Metal + Oxygen  Metal Oxide

    • All metal oxide are basic oxide. This is because, metal oxide will neutralize the acid to
    form salt and water as shown in equation below:

    CuO + 2HCl  CuCl2 + H2O


    ACIDIC OXIDE
    • When non-metal reacts with oxygen, they form into non-metal oxide.
    • In general, non-metal oxide is acidic.

    For example:

    C + O2  CO2

    When carbon dioxide react with water, it gives carbonic acid:

    CO2 + H2O  H2CO3

    Carbonic acid will turns blue litmus red litmus.


    REACTION OF NON-METAL WITH OXYGEN

    • Carbon glows red and react with oxygen to form carbon dioxide.

    • Sulphur burns into bluish flame when react with oxygen to form sulphur dioxide.

    • Phophorus burst into white flame with heated when it expose to oxygen. It forms
    phophorus pentoxide.
    AMPHOTERIC OXIDE
    • Amphoteric oxide can neutralize both acid and base.

    • Two examples of amphoteric oxides are zinc oxide and aluminium oxide.

    • When aluminium oxide react with acid, neutralization happen:

    • When aluminium oxide reacts with base, neutralization happen as well.


    NEUTRAL OXIDE

    • Example: carbon monoxide and dinitrogen oxide.


    REACTION OF BASE WITH AMMONIUM
    COMPOUND
    • When a strong base or alkali react with ammonium salt, displacement reaction will happen.
    Salt, water and ammonia will always be produced.

    • This means that the ammonium ion will be displaced / kick out by the other metal ions
    present in alkali / base.
    QUIZ
    • Write the chemical equations for the reactions below:

    I. Ammonium nitrate + Sodium hydroxide 

    II. Ammonium chloride + Potassium hydroxide 

    III. Ammonium sulphate + Potassium hydroxide 


    SOLUBILITY OF SALT
    QUIZ
    1. State which salt is soluble in water:
    a) Sodium chloride
    b) Potassium nitrate
    c) Silver chloride
    d) Calcium carbonate
    e) Ammonium carbonate
    f) Magnesium ethanoate
    g) Barium sulphate
    h) Lead chloride
    i) Lead sulphate
    j) Magnesium sulphate
    HINTS TO PREPARE THE SOLUBLE SALT
    • First, find out what kind of salt you want to make.
    • Then, decide a suitable acid and alkali / base that are able to give you the salt. In
    general, there are 3 major reactions that can be use to produce the soluble salts:
    I. Acid + Alkali  Salt + Water
    II. Acid + Metal oxide (base)  Salt + Water
    III. Acid + Metal --> Salt + Hydrogen
    • Usually reaction I and II are usually used.
    • For example to make sodium chloride, you may use hydrochloric acid react with
    sodium hydroxide:
    • HCl + NaOH  H2O + NaCl
    PROCEDURES OF PREPARING SOLUBLE SALTS

    Add some alkali into the conical flask Add acid into the samples until the color of sample
    and then add a few drops of turns clear. When all the alkali is neutralized, the
    phenolphthalein indicator. The solution will turns clear.
    solution will turns pink / purplish.

    Repeat the procedures using the same


    amount of sodium hydroxide and directly add Crystallize the samples to get
    Calculate how much of acid is used the salt.
    to neutralize the alkali. the acid require into the sample without
    adding phenolphthalein indicator.
    MAKING INSOLUBLE SALT

    To make the insoluble salt:


    1. Understand what insoluble salt to make first.
    2. Then choose 2 soluble salts where each of the salt contains one of the ion of
    your insoluble salt.
    3. Mix 2 soluble salts that you choose and precipitation will occur.
    4. Precipitation will give you the insoluble salt.
    EXAMPLE – MAKING SILVER CHLORIDE

    Making Silver Chloride (AgCl) When 2 soluble salts are mixed, silver
    chloride will be precipitated as
    insoluble salt.

    Salts chosen:
    I. Silver nitrate
    II. Sodium chloride

    Silver nitrate + Sodium chloride  Silver chloride + Sodium nitrate

    Ionic Equation:
    Ag+ + Cl-  AgCl
    QUIZ

    1. Explain how to prepare lead chloride. (6m)

    Hints: Your answer should cover what soluble salts you will use, the ionic equation,
    chemical equation and simple procedure.
    QUIZ
    QUIZ

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