ACID ,BASES &SALTS

Derrica Grant
Specific Objectives

• Define acid, acid anhydride, base, alkali, salt, acidic, basic,

amphoteric and neutral oxides with reference to proton donor or
acceptor and replaceable hydrogen, basic and acidic oxides.
• Relate acidity and alkalinity to the pH scale with reference to the
pH scale. No formal definition of pH required.
• Discuss the strength of acids and alkalis on the basis of their
completeness of ionization with reference to the degree of
ionisation linked to strength and the pH of the solution.
• Investigate the reactions of non- oxidising acids; with reference to
the reactions of acids with metals, carbonates, hydrogen
carbonates, bases.
Specific Objectives

• Demonstrate reactions with antacids, baking powder, fire extinguishers.

• List examples of acids in living systems;
• Investigate the reaction of bases with ammonium salts;
• Identify an appropriate method of salt preparation based on their solubility.
• List the uses and dangers of salts with reference to the; action of baking
powder, calcium carbonate for the manufacture of cement, food preservation
such as sodium chloride, sodium nitrite, sodium nitrate, sodium benzoate,
medical uses such as plaster of Parris (calcium sulfate), Epsom salts
(magnesium sulfate). Sodium nitrate is implicated in causing brain damage in
infants and also suspected to be carcinogenic.
•
• The hydrogen ions (H+ ) are the cause of acidity.
• This is because the H+ ions that they release in solutions are just
hydrogen nuclei.
• Since hydrogen nuclei contain only 1 proton, then H+ ions are just
single protons.
• NB. 100% pure acids do not show acidic properties but when
dissolved in water behaves acidic.
What is an acid?

• Acids can also be defined simply as proton donors or it is a

substance that neutralizes a base to form salt and water.
• Acids are polar covalent molecules which dissolve in water to form
solutions containing hydrogen ions.
Examples of Acids
Properties of Acids

• 1. Acids have a sour taste.

• 2. Acids are corrosive.
• 3. Acids turn litmus red.
• 4. Acids conduct electricity i.e. they are electrolytes.
• 5. Acids contain hydrogen in their formulae and are H+ donors.
• 6. They react with metals to produce salt and hydrogen gas
• 7. Acids react with bases to produce a salt and water
• 8. Acids with carbonates and hydrogen carbonates to produce a salt,
water and carbon dioxide.
Classification of acids

• Acids are classified in 3 ways:

• 1. Inorganic or organic acids.
• 2. Strong or weak acids.
• 3. Monobasic, dibasic or tribasic acids.
Inorganic or mineral acids

• 1. Inorganic or mineral acids are acids that were originally

obtained from minerals (HCl, H3PO4)
• organic acids were originally obtained from plant or animal matter
(ethanoic acid/vinegar – (CH3COOH), tartaric acid in grapes –
(C4H6O6), citric acid in citrus – (C6H8O6).
Organic Acids
Inorganic Acids
Strong acids & Weak Acids

• Strong acids completely dissociate (ionize or splits into ions) in

aqueous solutions while weak acids only partially ionize in aqueous
solutions.
• Therefore strong acids are strong electrolytes while weak acids
are weak electrolytes.
• HCl completely dissociates in aqueous solutions
•.
Monobasic and polybasic acids

• Monobasic Acids have one replacable hydrogen atoms, the

hydrogen is replaced by a metal or ammonium ion (NH4 + ).
• Hydrochloric acid (HCl), nitric acid (HNO3) and methanoic acid
(HCOOH) which only have one replaceable H per molecule, only
form one H+ ion when they undergo ionization.
• They are known as monobasic acids.
Tribasic & Dibasic Acids

• Acids that can ionize to form more than one hydrogen ion per acid
molecule known as polybasic acids.
• Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) has the ability to form two H+ ions per
molecule and is known as dibasic acids and phosphoric acid
(H3PO4) produces 3 H+ ions per molecule and is known as tribasic
acids.
Dilute and concentrated acids

• An acid which contains alot of wáter is known as dilute acids.

• An acid which contains very little wáter is known as a
concentrated acid.
• An acid is diluted by adding the acid to distilled wáter.
• The reaction between an acid and wáter is exothermic (gives off
heat) therefore the acid is always added slowly to the wáter
stirring continuously to distribute heat.
Ionization of acids

• When an acid is added to water the acid ionizes, that is ions are
formed.
• When acids are added to water the acid molecules ionize forming
hydrogen ions (H+ ), which then attach themselves to water
molecules.
• Example: HCl (g) + H2O (l) H3O + (aq) + Cl- (aq) In the reaction above,
the acid donated its proton to the water molecule forming the
hydronium ion or oxonium ion (H3O + ).
Ionization of acids
Strong Acid & Weak Acid

• A strong acid is one which is almost 100% ionized in solution; there

is a high concentraion of H+ ions.
• For example hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and
nitric acid (HNO3). A weak acid is one which does not fully ionize
when disolved in wáter. Ethanoic acid is a typical weak acid.
• This type of arrow means that the reaction is reversible. At any
one time, only about 1% of the ethanoic acid molecules have
converted into ions, i.e. only about 1% of the solution contains
hydrogen ions (H+ ).
• Most organic compounds are weak.
• Aqueous solutions of acids have the ability to conduct an electric
current because of the ions that are formed, these are called
electrolytes.
• Aqueous solutions of strong acids will be better electrical
conductors than those of weak acids, because of their degree of
ionization.
• Strong electrolytes are strong acids or bases (high concentration of
ions are present), weak electrolytes are weak acids or bases (low
concentration of ions are present)
Acid anhydride

• An acid anhydride is a compound which reacts with water to form

an acid. Acid anhydride literally means ‘an acid without water’.
Examples:
• CO2(g) + H2O(l) → H2CO3(aq) known as carbonic acid
• SO2(g) + H2O(l) → H2SO3(aq) known as sulphurous acid
• SO3(g) + H2O(l) → H2SO4(aq) known as sulphuric acid
Reaction of acids

.
Oxides

• Oxides are chemical compounds with one or more oxygen atoms

combined with another element (e.g. Li2O)
• Oxides can be classified as acidic, basic, neutral or amphoteric.
Classification of oxides
Bases

• Bases include ammonia and metal oxides and hydroxides.

• These substances are proton acceptors that are neutralized by
acids to form a salt and water only (neutralization).
• The hydroxide ions (OH- ) are the cause of alkalinity.
Basic oxide

• A basic oxide is the oxide of a metal which reacts with acids to

form a salt and water only.
• Example: MgO (s) + H2SO4(aq) MgSO4(aq) + H2O (l)
Alkalis

• Most bases are insoluble in water however some dissolve to form

alkalis and release OH ions.
• Soluble bases are known as alkalis. Only Group I hydroxides are
soluble.
• Example: NaOH (aq) + H2O (l) Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
• Mg(OH)2(aq) Mg2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq)
Strong and weak alkalis

• Strong and weak alkalis are defined similar to strong and weak
acids based on ionization.
• Insoluble bases are usually weak (ammonia) and soluble bases
(sodium hydroxide) are usually strong bases.
Properties of Alkalis

• 1. Alkalis have a bitter taste.

• 2. Alkalis feel soapy.
• 3. Alkalis are corrosive.
• 4. Alkalis turn litmus blue.
• 5. Alkalis conduct electricity.
Reactions of Alkalis
pH and Indicators

• The pH scale, which ranges from 0 to 14, is a measure of how

acidic or alkaline a solution in water is.
• Aqueous solutions with a pH of less than 7 are considered to be
acidic whereas those with a pH greater than 7 are considered to
be alkaline.
• An aqueous solution with a pH of 7 is defined as a neutral solution.
Distilled water has a pH of 7.
pH of Common Substances
Measuring pH

• There are two main methods that are used to measure the pH of a
solution; one is universal indicator and the other is a PH meter.
pH meter

• A pH meter is an electronic instrument used to measure the pH of

a solution. A pH meter consists of a measuring probe connected to
an electronic meter which displays the pH reading.
Universal indicator

• Universal indicator is a mixture of indicators that is used to give

the approximate pH value of a solution with which it is mixed. This
is due to a colour change whose intensity corresponds to a
particular pH value. (pH refers to potenz/power of hydrogen and
is a measure of H+ ions concentration in a solution and therefore
how acidic or basic the solution is)
Universal Indicator as a pH Determinant
Identifying Acids and Alkalis

• Acids and alkalis can be recognized using indicators. An indicator

is a substance (dye) that has one colour when mixed with acids
and another when mixed with alkalis.
• These indicators are not just used to determine the pH of a
solution, but are used in neutralization experiments to indicate
the neutralization point.
Distinguishing Between an acid and a base

• Indicators are used to distinguish between an acid and a base. An

Indicator has one colour in an acid and another in an alkaline
solution.
Indicators
The pH Scale

• The Strength of an aqueous acid or alkali can be measured on the

pH scale by using a universal indicator.
Universal indicator

• Universal indicator is supplied as a solution or as universal

indicator paper.
• It is a mixture of several different indicators.
• Unlike litmus, universal indicator can show us how strongly acidic
or alkaline a solution is, not just that the solution is acidic or
alkaline.
• This is measured using the pH scale, which runs from pH 0 to pH
14.
Universal Indicator Paper Package
Universal Indicator Paper
Universal Indicator Solution
Classification of Salts

• Normal Salt: A normal salt is a salt formed by the complete

replacement of replaceable hydrogen atoms from an acid molecule
by means of a metal or a group of elements acting like a metal.
• Examples: The compounds like KCl, NaCl, FeS04, Na2S04, FeCl2 etc
are normal salts. Obviously a normal salt doesn't contain
replaceable H-atom in its molecule.
• 2KOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) K2SO4 (aq) + 2H2O(l)
Classification of Salts

• Acid Salt: An acid salt is that which contains one or more

replaceable hydrogen atoms in its molecule and is formed by
partial replacement of H- atoms present in an acid molecule by
means of metal or positive radical. Examples: The compounds like
NaHS04, NaHC03, KHC03, NaH2PO etc are acid salts.
• KOH(aq) + H2SO4 (aq) KHSO4(aq) + H2O(l)
•Potassium hydrogen sulphate is an acid salt. Only dibasic and
tribasic acids can form acid salts.
•The relative quantity of each reactant determine the type of salt
formed by dibasic and tribasic acids.
Water of Crystallization

• Some salts may contain water of crystallization

• Water of crystallization is water that is chemically bonded into a
crystal structure.
• Here is the formula for hydrated copper(II) sulfate. Notice that
water of crystallization is separated from the main formula by a
dot.
Water of Crystallization

• CuSO4.5H2O Heat CuSO4(s) + 5H2O(g)

• hydrated means that the solid crystals contain water of
crystallization.
• dehydration is the removal of water of crystallization.
• an anhydrous substance contains no water of crystallization.
• the degree of hydration is the number of moles of water of
crystallization chemically bonded in 1 mole of the compound. The
degree of hydration in the example above is 5.
•
Method used to prepare Salts depends on

• The solubility of the salt being prepared

• The solubility of the reactants being used to prepare the salt
• The hydration of the salt being prepared
Direct combination

• This is used to prepare anhydrous chlorides

• A suitable metal to supply the cation is added to chlorine gas to
add the cl minus ions
• These are both heated in a metal stream of chlorine gas in a fume
cupboard
• For example AlCl3 is created by the direct combination of
aluminium solid and chlorine gas
• 2Al(s) + 3 Cl2(g) ……………….>
AlCl3(s)
Insoluble carbonate reacting with an acid

• This is used to prepare a soluble salt.

• A suitable insoluble carbonate to supply the cations while a
suitable acid is used to supply the anion.
Insoluble carbonate reacting with an acid

• The method include adding the carbonate to the acid until the
effervescence stop and the carbonates are present I excess.
• Filter the to remove the excess carbonates, collect the filtrate.
• Evaporate the water until saturated then leave to crystalize
Insoluble carbonate reacting with an acid

• For example when making copper nitrate (Cu(NO3)2 +CuCO3 (S) to

supply the CU2+ ions HNO3(aq) to supply the N03- ions
• CuCO3(s) + 2HNO3(aq) Cu(NO3)(aq) + CO2(aq) + H2O(l)
Neutralization Reaction