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AI, Deep Learning, and Machine Learning in Energy Engineering

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AI, Deep Learning, and Machine Learning in Energy Engineering

AI innovations are a branch of computer science that focuses on creating intelligent
computers capable of doing activities that would typically need a person's intelligence (Geetha &
Bhanu, 2018). On the other hand, deep learning is a subfield of artificial intelligence that
attempts to replicate how humans acquire new information (Davenport & Ronanki, 2018). In
conclusion, machine learning refers to designing systems that may enhance their performance by
gaining insights from the data they take in (Min et al., 2017). Technologies that have advanced
thanks to developments in artificial intelligence, deep learning, and machine learning include;
smart grids and sector coupling, virtual power plants, power consumption, fault prediction, and
intelligent energy storage. The image below depicts some applications of AI in energy
engineering.
Figure 1: AI Applications in Energy Engineering.

(Ahmad et al., 2021)

Smart Grids and Sector Coupling

In particular, artificial intelligence is prevalent in the intelligent networking of power
users and generators across industry borders. Because the electricity grid is becoming
increasingly decentralized and digitalized, it is becoming increasingly challenging to manage the
significant number of grid participants while maintaining the system's equilibrium. To
accomplish this, evaluation and analysis of a deluge of data are required. This data is processed
as quickly and effectively as possible thanks to artificial intelligence. Another area of potential
use is innovative grid technology (Davenport & Ronanki, 2018). Not only do these networks
transfer power, but they also transport data. Therefore, it is becoming more and more vital for
power generation to react intelligently to demand, particularly as the number of power plants that
rely on variable energy sources, such as solar and wind, continues to increase (and vice versa).
AI can assist in evaluating, analyzing, and controlling the data of the different players
(customers, suppliers, and storage facilities) linked to each other via the grid.
In the field of energy production, artificial intelligence is putting a particular emphasis on
the incorporation of electric mobility. The proliferation of electric vehicles presents both benefits
and difficulties. For example, coordination is required for the charging of electric cars, but at the
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same time, these vehicles have the potential to store power and stabilize the grid. This may be
accomplished, for example, by altering the demand for charging in response to price signals and
accessibility. Managing and controlling all of this can be made easier with AI. In addition,
Machine learning can maintain the stability of the power grid by, for instance, identifying
irregularities in the generation, utilization, or transmission of electricity in very close to real-time
and then devising appropriate remedies (Geetha & Bhanu, 2018). In addition, AI may assist in
coordinating maintenance activities and determining the ideal periods for maintaining particular
systems or networks. This helps limit expenditures and loss of profit, in addition to disrupting the
functioning of the network, which helps minimize.
Virtual Power Plant
In the Virtual Power Plant, a large amount of data is analyzed, and various predictions are
made. The artificial intelligence algorithms contribute to the generation of increasingly accurate
forecasts and assist in coordinating the many players in the Virtual Power Plant. This takes place,
for instance, when it is essential to link which plant creates or consumes how much power and
when it does. The assessments are based on a variety of data, including but not limited to live
feed-in data, historical information, data from power trading centers, and weather predictions,
among other types of data (Davenport & Ronanki, 2018). Some AI systems already possess an
intelligence high enough to allow them to engage in self-directed trading. The practice described
here is called algorithmic trading, algorithm trading, and automated trading. The trading on the
power market may also be automatically monitored and analyzed with the assistance of AI.
Because of this, it is feasible to monitor and deter deviations from average, such as the misuse of
market power, in a more rapid and targeted manner.
Electricity Trading
They are using artificial intelligence to enhance forecasting in the power trading industry.
Using AI makes it much easier to assess the vast amounts of data involved in the trade of power,
such as data on weather conditions or historical data. Improved projections also increase grid
stability, increasing supply security (Geetha & Bhanu, 2018). Artificial intelligence can assist in
facilitating and speeding up the integration of renewable energy, particularly in the realm of
forecasting. The improvement of predictions in the energy business is significantly aided by the
application of machine learning and artificial intelligence. There has already been a slight
decrease in the control reserve consumption, although the market share of highly unstable power
generators has increased. These developments in forecasting quality that have taken place
throughout the past few years have already shown the benefits of Ai in this area (Min et al.,
2017). The chart below summarizes the features of an electricity model, including the inherent
stakeholders and energy engineering aspects.
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Figure 2: Electricity Trading Model.

(Cheng & Yu, 2018)

Power Consumption
Consumers who are thoughtfully linked to the energy system can significantly contribute
to the grid's reliability and environmental friendliness. Existing products, such as smart
appliances and smart meters, are not extensively used. In a networked smart home, the
networked devices respond to prices on the electrical market and adjust household power use
patterns to conserve electricity and save expenses (Davenport & Ronanki, 2018). One example
of this would be air conditioning systems that are intelligent and networked. They adjust their
production in response to the pricing on the market for energy by increasing it when there is an
abundance of it, and it is relatively inexpensive. In addition, through the analysis of user data,
they can include into their calculations data on user preferences and time frames.
Fault Prediction
Along with real-time service and the determination of the best routine maintenance, fault
prediction has been one of the primary uses of AI technology in the energy sector. Therefore, an
industry in which the failure of equipment is prevalent and can have significant repercussions
may find that AI, when combined with the sensor system, can be useful for monitoring
equipment and detecting failures before they occur, thereby saving cost, money, time, and
possibly even lives (Geetha & Bhanu, 2018).
It is being contemplated that geothermal energy, which has a consistent output of energy,
could be used as a possible source of baseload power (the minimal level amount of power that
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must be provided to the electrical grid at any particular time) to support the growth of renewable
energy sources that are less dependable. Toshiba ESS has been undertaking research on the
Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance the productivity and
dependability of geothermal power plants. For instance, predictive diagnostics, made possible by
rich data, are used to forecast potential issues at plants that might result in their shutdown.
Furthermore, using IoT and AI, preventative measures may improve their quantities,
compositions, and timings (Davenport & Ronanki, 2018). One example of this would be
spraying chemical agents to mitigate turbine shutdowns. Such developments are significant in a
nation like Japan, which has the 3rd most extensive geothermal resources in the world,
particularly in light of the lowering prices of competing for energy power like solar electricity. 
Maintenance Using Image Processing
The National Grid, responsible for energy distribution throughout the U.k., has begun
using drones to inspect the cables and pylons involved in the process. Due to their capacity to
cover vast geographical regions and challenging terrain, these drones have proven to be very
beneficial in defect identification. Their cameras contain a high-resolution still lens and an
infrared camera. They have been utilized to cover 7,200 metric miles of overhead cables
throughout England and Wales (Min et al., 2017). Consequently, AI is used to monitor the
conditions of electricity assets and identify when they or their requirements need to be fixed or
replaced.
Disaster Recovery
When Storm Irma hit South Florida in 2017, it took about ten days to restore electricity
and light, which is much less time than the 18 days it took the area to recover from the effects of
Hurricane Wilma (Davenport & Ronanki, 2018). This decrease in time was made possible by
newly developed technologies such as AI that can forecast the power supply and guarantee that it
is supplied to the locations where it is required the most without hurting the system. In addition,
artificial intelligence systems can improve evaluations of damages and optimize decision-
making, thanks to quick access to imagery and relevant data within 24 to 48 hours after the
catastrophic event has subsided. This can be accomplished within 24 to 48 hours after the
tragedy has subsided.
Microgrids
Innovative microgrids can control a wide variety of factors to provide electricity that is
the cleanest, most economical, and most dependable it can be. However, even under optimal
circumstances, a grid-connected microgrid may have to filter through large volumes of data,
including weather conditions, shifting energy use and production patterns, and fuel and power
prices, all of which may alter in real-time (Min et al., 2017). In addition, as we work harder to
meet our climate objectives via sustainable power, microgrids are increasingly being tasked with
managing the severe fluctuation of renewable energy. How can microgrids reliably deliver
electricity while simultaneously optimizing load, seizing market opportunities, and balancing the
variable output of renewable sources? All of this must be accomplished with increased speed and
accuracy. This is where machine learning and other forms of artificial intelligence (AI) come
into play.
Microgrids are leading the shift from traditional grid models to localized energy systems
at the forefront of the movement. The "Four Ds," decarbonization, decentralization,
democratization, and digitalization, are driving the shift (Geetha & Bhanu, 2018). Together, the
Four Ds lay the groundwork for a more decentralized and self-sufficient approach to the
production and administration of energy across the world. To cut carbon dioxide emissions,
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lower the cost of power, and improve energy dependability, businesses, neighborhoods,
institutions, the government, and the military are increasingly relying on autonomous microgrids.
Cloud-computing software, machine learning, artificial intelligence, and real-time optimization
offer the way for microgrids to fulfill these goals in a more straightforward, expedient, and
independent manner. The table below shows the components of microgrids that are aligned with
AI.
Table 1: Microgrid Components.

(Ahmed et al., 2015)

Smart Power (AI Consumption)
Fifty percent of all power users in the U.S. have smart meters, which provide data on
individual energy consumption and make it possible for consumers to self-regulate their energy
use based on the information they have gathered (Min et al., 2017). Although new artificial
intelligence (AI)-powered intelligent meters and innovative home solutions are not widely
available just yet, they have the potential to be a boon to end-user efficiency benefits. These
energy monitoring gadgets can interact with other home appliances, which helps homeowners
save money by minimizing the amount of energy wasted. Such examples include these gadgets
controlling air conditioning, charging electric vehicles during hours with reduced electric costs,
charging electric cars during hours when there is less demand for electricity, controlling lights,
and monitoring appliances. If a large population uses these devices, vast amounts of energy
might be saved because of their capacity to learn and respond to consumption patterns as well as
changes in the cost of energy. In addition, installation on a widespread scale has the potential to
make the electric grid more environmentally friendly and stable for everyone.
Intelligent Energy Storage
The current technology for storing energy may be improved with artificial intelligence by
making it simpler to combine various technologies. These technologies include microgrids
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powered by renewable energy sources, utility-scale battery storage, hydropower, and others.
With the rise of unreliable power sources like wind and solar, which place an enormous burden
on power players to balance supply and demand, the importance of energy storage is quickly
expanding in today's contemporary grids (Geetha & Bhanu, 2018). This growth is occurring at
the same time. Intelligent energy storage plays a more significant part in the grid's ancillary
services, which help electric utilities balance and transmit energy from producers to consumers.
This trend is expected to continue as technology progresses and costs come down.
When there are imbalances in supply and demand, AI can make allocation more efficient,
and by doing so, it can conserve electricity that would have otherwise been lost for later use.
Intelligent energy storage devices not only improve safety and security by enhancing the system
frequency control caused by occasional power generation, but they also maximize the return on
investment that one receives from the combination of various distinct storage systems, which
increases the bang for one's buck. Since 2005, the company Younicos, situated in Berlin and
specializing in energy storage, has been the international market pioneer in designing and
implementing such integrated energy systems (Min et al., 2017).
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References
Ahmad, T., Zhang, D., Huang, C., Zhang, H., Dai, N., Song, Y., & Chen, H. (2021). Artificial
intelligence in sustainable energy industry: Status Quo, challenges and
opportunities. Journal of Cleaner Production, 289, 125834.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.125834
Ahmed, M., Amin, U., Aftab, S., & Ahmed, Z. (2015). Integration of Renewable Energy
Resources in Microgrid. Energy and Power Engineering, 07(01), 12-29.
https://doi.org/10.4236/epe.2015.71002
Cheng, L., & Yu, T. (2018). Nash Equilibrium-Based Asymptotic Stability Analysis of Multi-
Group Asymmetric Evolutionary Games in Typical Scenario of Electricity Market. IEEE
Access, 6, 32064-32086. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2842469
Davenport, T. H., & Ronanki, R. (2018). Artificial intelligence for the real world. Harvard
business review, 96(1), 108-116.
http://blockqai.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/analytics-hbr-ai-for-the-real-world.pdf
Geetha, R., & Bhanu, S. R. D. (2018). Recruitment through artificial intelligence: a conceptual
study. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 9(7), 63-70.
http://www.iaeme.com/MasterAdmin/Journal_uploads/IJMET/VOLUME_9_ISSUE_7/
IJMET_09_07_007.pdf
Min, S., Lee, B., & Yoon, S. (2017). Deep learning in bioinformatics. Briefings in
bioinformatics, 18(5), 851-869. https://doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbw068