Chapter 7 (Part 1):

Rotational Motion and Gravitation

Pergerakan Pusingan dan Gravitasi

© 2019, University of Cyberjaya. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author.
CHAPTER 7: ROTATIONAL MOTION AND
GRAVITATION (Part 1)
Pergerakan Pusingan dan Gravitasi

© 2019, University of Cyberjaya. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author.
 Topic/ Chapter Learning Outcome

1. Define radian measure, angular position and angular displacement.

2. Define average angular speed and angular acceleration.
3. Perform calculation with angular variables.
4. Identify the correspondence between the equations for linear motion at
constant acceleration and those for angular motion.
5. Apply rotational kinematics to object undergoing uniform angular acceleration.
6. Apply the relationships between angular and linear quantities.
7. Calculate centripetal, tangential and total acceleration of objects in circular
motion.
8. Apply the second law to objects in uniform circular motion.
9. Identify forces responsible for centripetal accelerations in physical contexts.
© 2019, University of Cyberjaya. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author.
 Topic and Structure of the lesson

Rotational motion under

Constant Angular
Acceleration Newton’s Second
Law for Uniform
Circular Motion

Angular velocity and

Angular acceleration

© 2019, University of Cyberjaya. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author.
Topic 7: Rotational Motion and Gravitation

College Physics, 11e

Raymond A. Serway; Chris
Vuille
 Reading Question 1-1
A rigid object is rotating with an angular speed  > 0.
The angular velocity vector w and the angular
acceleration vector a are anti-parallel. The angular
speed of the rigid object is

1. clockwise and increasing.

2. clockwise and decreasing.
3. counterclockwise and increasing.
4. counterclockwise and decreasing.

©Cengage
 Reading Question 1-1
A rigid object is rotating with an angular speed > 0.
The angular velocity vector w and the angular
acceleration vector a are anti-parallel. The angular
speed of the rigid object is

1. clockwise and increasing.

2. clockwise and decreasing.
3. counterclockwise and increasing.
4. counterclockwise and decreasing.

©Cengage
 Reading Question 1-2
The Earth remains in orbit about the Sun, rather than
falling in to the Sun, because

1. it is outside of the gravitational influence of the Sun.

2. the net force on the Earth is zero.
3. although the Earth is constantly being pulled toward
the Sun, it is always moving with a velocity
component perpendicular to the direction that it is
being pulled.
4. none of these apply.

©Cengage
 Reading Question 1-2
The Earth remains in orbit about the Sun, rather than
falling in to the Sun, because

1. it is outside of the gravitational influence of the Sun.

2. the net force on the Earth is zero.
3. although the Earth is constantly being pulled
toward the Sun, it is always moving with a velocity
component perpendicular to the direction that it
is being pulled.
4. none of these apply.

©Cengage
 Reading Question 1-3
A space station orbits the Earth with constant speed.
What can be said about the space station's
acceleration?
1. It is zero because the space station moves with
constant speed.
2. It is greater than 9.8 m/s2 because the space station is
moving so quickly.
3. It is less than 9.8 m/s2 because the space station is so
high above the Earth’s surface.
4. It is equal to 9.8 m/s2.
©Cengage
 Reading Question 1-3
A space station orbits the Earth with constant speed.
What can be said about the space station's
acceleration?
1. It is zero because the space station moves with
constant speed.
2. It is greater than 9.8 m/s2 because the space station is
moving so quickly.
3. It is less than 9.8 m/s2 because the space station is
so high above the Earth’s surface.
4. It is equal to 9.8 m/s2.
©Cengage
 Reading Question 1-4
Select the best phrase to complete the following
statement: "The gravitational force of the Earth
1. affects all objects equally."
2. on an object is a function of an object's mass."
3. has no effect on the rate at which objects accelerate
as they fall."
4. is exactly the same size for a given object
everywhere on the Earth."

©Cengage
 Reading Question 1-4
Select the best phrase to complete the following
statement: "The gravitational force of the Earth
1. affects all objects equally."
2. on an object is a function of an object's mass."
3. has no effect on the rate at which objects accelerate
as they fall."
4. is exactly the same size for a given object
everywhere on the Earth."

©Cengage
 Reading Question 1-5
Which of the following forms of energy is the greatest
for a system of a comet in orbit about the Sun during
perihelion (the comet's closest approach to the Sun).

1. the total mechanical energy

2. the potential energy
3. the kinetic energy
4. none of these

©Cengage
 Reading Question 1-5
Which of the following forms of energy is the greatest
for a system of a comet in orbit about the Sun during
perihelion (the comet's closest approach to the Sun).

1. the total mechanical energy

2. the potential energy
3. the kinetic energy
4. none of these

©Cengage
 Reading Question 1-6
Which of the following trips would consume more
fuel for a given spacecraft?

1. a trip from the Earth to the Moon

2. a trip from the Moon to the Earth
3. They both require the same amount of fuel.
4. It is impossible to determine.

©Cengage
 Reading Question 1-6
Which of the following trips would consume more
fuel for a given spacecraft?

1. a trip from the Earth to the Moon

2. a trip from the Moon to the Earth
3. They both require the same amount of fuel.
4. It is impossible to determine.

©Cengage
 Topic 7: Rotational Motion and Gravitation

TOPIC DISCUSSION

©Cengage
 Angular Velocity and
Angular Acceleration

x   v  a 

s
s  2 r   2
r


  360   180  90
2

180   rad

©Cengage
 Angular Velocity and
Angular Acceleration

©Cengage
 Angular Velocity and
Angular Acceleration

s

r

Example: Convert 45 degrees to radians.

 rad 
45   rad
180 4

©Cengage
 Angular Velocity and
Angular Acceleration

   f   i SI unit: rad

Example:
i  4 rad
 f  7 rad
   f   i  7 rad  4 rad  3 rad
 Angular Velocity and
Angular Acceleration

s
 
r

 f  i 
av   SI unit: rad/s
t f  ti t


  lim
t  0 t

©Cengage
 Think – Pair – Share
A rigid body is rotating counterclockwise about a
fixed axis. Each of the following pairs of quantities
represents an initial angular position and a final
angular position of the rigid body. Which of the sets
can only occur if the rigid body rotates through more
than 180°?

1. 3 rad, 6 rad
2. –1 rad, 1 rad
3. 1 rad, 5 rad

©Cengage
 Think – Pair – Share
A rigid body rotates counterclockwise about a fixed
axis for exactly one second. Each of the following
pairs of quantities represents an initial angular
position and a final angular position of the rigid body.
Which choice represents the lowest angular speed?

1. 3 rad, 6 rad
2. –1 rad, 1 rad
3. 1 rad, 5 rad

©Cengage
 Angular Velocity and
Angular Acceleration

 f  i 
 av  
t f  ti t
©Cengage
 Angular Velocity and
Angular Acceleration

 f  i 
 av  
t f  ti t

Example:
i  15 rad/s  f  9.0 rad/s t  3.0 s
 9.0 rad/s  15 rad/s
 av    2.0 rad/s 2
t 3.0 s

©Cengage
 Angular Velocity and
Angular Acceleration


  lim
t  0 t

• When a rigid object rotates about a fixed axis, every

portion of the object has the same angular velocity
and the same angular acceleration.

©Cengage
 Rotational Motion under
Constant Acceleration

 f  i  x f  xi x
av   vav  
t f  ti t t f  ti t

©Cengage
 Think – Pair – Share
A rigid body is rotating counterclockwise about a fixed
axis. Each of the following pairs of quantities represents
an initial angular position and a final angular position of
the rigid body. If the object starts from rest at the initial
angular position, moves counterclockwise with constant
angular acceleration, and arrives at the final angular
position with the same angular speed in all three cases, for
which choice is the angular acceleration the highest?
1. 3 rad, 6 rad
2. –1 rad, 1 rad
3. 1 rad, 5 rad
©Cengage
Tangential Velocity and Acceleration

s
 
r

 1 s

t r t

v

r
Tangential Velocity and Acceleration

vt  r

Tangential velocity
equals distance from the
axis of rotation times the
angular velocity.
Tangential Velocity and Acceleration

vt  r 

vt r 

t t

at  r

Tangential acceleration equals

distance from the axis of rotation
times angular acceleration.
 Think – Pair – Share
Andrea and Chuck are riding on a merry-go-round.
Andrea rides on a horse at the outer rim of the circular
platform, twice as far from the center of the circular
platform as Chuck, who rides on an inner horse.
When the merry-go-round is rotating at a constant
angular speed, Andrea's angular speed is
1. twice Chuck's.
2. the same as Chuck's.
3. half of Chuck's.
4. impossible to determine.
©Cengage
 Think – Pair – Share
Andrea and Chuck are riding on the same merry-go-
round, in the same positions. When the merry-go-
round is rotating at a constant angular speed, Andrea's
angular speed is

1. twice Chuck's.
2. the same as Chuck's.
3. half of Chuck's.
4. impossible to determine.

©Cengage
 CDs and Phonograph Records

©Cengage
Centripetal Acceleration
 Centripetal Acceleration


 v f  vi
a av 
t f  ti

2
v
ac 
r

©Cengage
 Centripetal Acceleration

v2
ac 
r

r
2 2
vt  r  ac   r 2

1 L
r   L,    , ac   2
T T

©Cengage
 Centripetal Acceleration

v2
ac  at  r
r

a  at  ac
2 2

©Cengage
 Think – Pair – Share
A race track is constructed such that two arcs of radius
80 m at A and 40 m at B are joined by two stretches of
straight tracks as in the figure. In a particular trial run,
a driver traveled at a constant speed of 50 m/s for one
complete lap. In this case, the ratio of the tangential
acceleration at A to that at B is

1. ½
2. ¼
3. 2
4. 4
5. The tangential acceleration is zero at both points.
 Think – Pair – Share
In a particular trial run, a driver traveled at a constant
speed of 50 m/s for one complete lap. In this case, the
ratio of the centripetal acceleration at A to that at B is

1. ½
2. ¼
3. 2
4. 4
5. The tangential acceleration is zero at both points.
 Think – Pair – Share
In a particular trial run, a driver traveled at a constant
speed of 50 m/s for one complete lap. In this case, the
angular speed is greatest at
1. A
2. B
3. It is equal at both A and B.

©Cengage
 Think – Pair – Share
An object moves in a circular path with constant
speed v. Which of the following statements is true
concerning the object?

1. Its velocity is constant, but its acceleration is

changing.
2. Its acceleration is constant, but its velocity is
changing.
3. Both its velocity and acceleration are changing.
4. Its velocity and acceleration remain constant.

©Cengage
 Forces Causing Centripetal Acceleration

©Cengage
 Forces Causing Centripetal Acceleration

©Cengage
 Centripetal Forces

2
v
Fc  mac  m
r

©Cengage
 Centrifugal Forces

2
v
 m  Fr
r

©Cengage
 Problem-Solving Strategy: Forces that Cause
Centripetal Acceleration
1. Draw a free-body diagram
2. Choose a coordinate system
3. Find the net force Fc toward the center
FC  Fr
4. Use Newton’s second law for the radial, tangential,
and normal directions
2
vt
Fr  mac , Ft  mat , Fn  man ac 
r
5. Solve

©Cengage
 Fictitious Forces

©Cengage
 Newtonian Gravitation

©Cengage
 Newtonian Gravitation

m1m2
F G 2
r

m3
G  6.673  1011
kg  s 2

The gravitational force exerted by a uniform sphere

on a particle outside the sphere is the same as the
force exerted if the entire mass of the sphere were
concentrated at its center.
 Newtonian Gravitation

©Cengage
 Think – Pair – Share
A ball is falling toward the ground. Which of the
following statements are false?
a) The force that the ball exerts on the Earth is equal in
magnitude to the force that the Earth exerts on the ball.
b) The ball undergoes the same acceleration as Earth.
c) The magnitude of the force the Earth exerts on the ball
is greater than the magnitude of the force the ball exerts
on the Earth.
1. Statements a and b are false.
2. Statements a, b, and c are all false.
3. Statements a and c are false.
4. Statements b and c are false.
 Think – Pair – Share
A planet has two identical moons with identical mass. Moon 1
is in a circular orbit of radius r. Moon 2 is in a circular orbit of
radius 2r. The magnitude of the gravitational force exerted by
the planet on Moon 2 is
1. four times as large as the gravitational force exerted by the
planet on Moon 1.
2. twice as large as the gravitational force exerted by the planet on
Moon 1.
3. the same as the gravitational force exerted by the planet on
Moon 1.
4. half as large as the gravitational force exerted by the planet on
Moon 1.
5. one-fourth as large as the gravitational force exerted by the
planet on Moon 1.
 Measurement of the
Gravitational Constant

©Cengage
 Gravitational Potential Energy Revisited
MEm
PE  G SI unit: J
r

©Cengage
Gravitational Potential Energy Revisited
MEm
PE  G
r

MEm  MEm 
PE2  PE1  G   G 
RE  h  RE 
 1 1 
 GM E m   
 RE  h RE 

GM E mh
PE2  PE1 
RE  RE  h 
Gravitational Potential Energy Revisited
GM E mh
PE2  PE1 
RE  RE  h 

1 1
 2
RE  RE  h  RE
GM E
PE2  PE1  2
mh
RE

GM E
g 2
 PE2  PE1  mgh
RE
 Escape Speed

1 GM E m
KEi  PEi  mvi 
2

2 RE

1 GM E m
mvesc 
2
0
2 RE

2GM E m
vesc 
RE

©Cengage
 Escape Speed

©Cengage
 Kepler’s Laws

©Cengage
 Kepler’s Laws
1. All planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun
at one of the focal points.

2. A line drawn from the Sun to any planet sweeps

out equal areas in equal time intervals.

3. The square of the orbital period of any planet is

proportional to the cube of the average distance
from the planet to the Sun.

©Cengage
 Kepler’s First Law

©Cengage
 Kepler’s Second Law

©Cengage
 Kepler’s Third Law
M p v2 GM S M p
M p ac  
r r2
2
 2 r 
Mp  
2 r  T  GM S M p
v   2
T r r
 4  3
2
T 
2
 r  KS r
3

 GM S 
4 2
KS   2.09  1019 s 2 /m3
©Cengage GM S
 Kepler’s Third Law

 4 2
 3
T 
2
 r  KS r
3

 GM S 

©Cengage
 Kepler’s Third Law
Kepler's third law: T 2  a 3 , T in years and a in AU
 Think – Pair – Share
Suppose an asteroid has a semimajor axis of 4 AU.
How long does it take the asteroid to go around the
Sun?

1. 2 years
2. 4 years
3. 6 years
4. 8 years

©Cengage
 Assessing to Learn
Estimate the speed of the Earth relative to the Sun in m/s.

1. less than 0.003 6. between 30 and 300

2. between 0.003 and 0.03 7. between 300 and 3,000
3. between 0.03 and 0.3 8. between 3,000 and 30,000
4. between 0.3 and 3 9. more than 30,000
5. between 3 and 30 10. Impossible to determine
 Assessing to Learn
Estimate the acceleration of the Earth relative to the
Sun in m/s².

1. less than 0.003 6. between 30 and 300

2. between 0.003 and 0.03 7. between 300 and 3,000
3. between 0.03 and 0.3 8. between 3,000 and 30,000
4. between 0.3 and 3 9. more than 30,000
5. between 3 and 30 10. Impossible to determine
 Assessing to Learn
An object is at rest on the equator. Estimate its speed
relative to the center of the Earth in m/s.

1. less than 0.001 6. between 10 and 100

2. between 0.001 and 0.01 7. between 100 and 1,000
3. between 0.01 and 0.1 8. between 1,000 and 10,000
4. between 0.1 and 1 9. more than 10,000
5. between 1 and 10 10. Impossible to determine
 Assessing to Learn
An object is at rest on the equator. Estimate its
acceleration relative to the center of the Earth in m/s².

1. less than 0.001 6. between 10 and 100

2. between 0.001 and 0.01 7. between 100 and 1,000
3. between 0.01 and 0.1 8. between 1,000 and 10,000
4. between 0.1 and 1 9. more than 10,000
5. between 1 and 10 10. Impossible to determine
 Assessing to Learn
Estimate the speed of the Moon relative to the center
of the Earth in m/s.

1. less than 0.003 6. between 30 and 300

2. between 0.003 and 0.03 7. between 300 and 3,000
3. between 0.03 and 0.3 8. between 3,000 and 30,000
4. between 0.3 and 3 9. more than 30,000
5. between 3 and 30 10. Impossible to determine
 Assessing to Learn
Estimate the acceleration of the Moon relative to the
center of the Earth in m/s².

1. less than 0.003 6. between 30 and 300

2. between 0.003 and 0.03 7. between 300 and 3,000
3. between 0.03 and 0.3 8. between 3,000 and 30,000
4. between 0.3 and 3 9. more than 30,000
5. between 3 and 30 10. Impossible to determine
 Assessing to Learn
A small ball is released from rest at position A and
rolls down a vertical circular track under the
influence of gravity. When the ball reaches position
B, which of the indicated directions most nearly
corresponds to the direction of the normal force on
the ball?

9. Impossible to
determine.
 Assessing to Learn
A small ball is released from rest at position A and
rolls down a vertical circular track under the
influence of gravity. When the ball reaches position
B, which of the indicated directions most nearly
corresponds to the direction of the ball's
acceleration?

9. Impossible to
determine.
 Assessing to Learn
A small ball is released from rest at position A and
rolls down a vertical circular track under the
influence of gravity as depicted below. When the ball
reaches position B, which of the indicated directions
most nearly corresponds to the direction of the net
force on the ball?

9. Impossible to
determine.
 Assessing to Learn
A mass of 5 kg is released from rest on a smooth incline
making an angle of 37° to the horizontal. The tangential
component of acceleration is closest to:
1. 10 m/s²
2. 8 m/s²
3. 6 m/s²
4. 4 m/s²
5. 2 m/s²
6. 0 m/s²
7. Exactly halfway between 2 of the above answers
8. The negative of one of the answers above
9. It is impossible to determine the tangential component of the
block's acceleration
10. I do not know what is meant by "tangential" in this situation
 Assessing to Learn
A mass of 5 kg is released from rest on a smooth incline
making an angle of 37° to the horizontal. The radial component
of acceleration is closest to:
1. 10 m/s²
2. 8 m/s²
3. 6 m/s²
4. 4 m/s²
5. 2 m/s²
6. 0 m/s²
7. Exactly halfway between 2 of the above answers
8. The negative of one of the answers above
9. It is impossible to determine the tangential component of the
block's acceleration
10. I do not know what is meant by "tangential" in this situation
 Assessing to Learn
A ball is rolled up an incline so that it goes part-way
up and then rolls back down. Which of the graphs
below could represent its tangential component of
acceleration vs. time, from the instant it is released
until it returns to its starting point?
1. 2. 3. 4.

5. Graphs 1 and 2 6. Graphs 3 and 4

7. None of the graphs
8. It’s not clear what is meant by “tangential” in this
situation.
 Assessing to Learn
An iceberg weighing 1,000 tons is floating in the North
Atlantic. Consider the gravitational forces on the iceberg
due to the Earth, the Moon, and the Sun. Put these
gravitational forces in order of increasing magnitude.
You do not need to do any calculations. Use reasoning,
or simply guess.
1. Earth < Moon < Sun
2. Earth < Sun < Moon
3. Moon < Sun < Earth
4. Moon < Earth < Sun
5. Sun < Moon < Earth
6. Sun < Earth < Moon
 Assessing to Learn
Two identical objects are released from rest from
heights R and 2R above the surface of the Earth.
After traveling a distance R/2, which object has the
larger speed?

1. Object a.
2. Object b.
3. Neither; they have the same speed.

©Cengage
 Assessing to Learn
Two identical objects are released from rest from
heights R and 2R above the surface of the Earth.
After traveling a distance R/2, which object has the
larger energy?

1. Object a.
2. Object b.
3. Neither; they have the same speed.

©Cengage
 Assessing to Learn
A planet has the orbit shown below. Use the 8 labeled
points to answer the question. Where is the planet
when the total energy of the system is largest?
1. 1 only 2. 2 and 8 only 3. 3 and 7 only
4. 4 and 6 only 5. 5 only 6. 1 and 5 only
7. 2, 4, 6, and 8
8. The total energy is the same
everywhere.
9. None of the above
10. Impossible to determine
 Assessing to Learn
A planet has the orbit shown below. Use the 8 labeled
points to answer the question. At which point(s) is the
speed of the planet smallest?
1. 1 only 2. 2 and 8 only 3. 3 and 7 only
4. 4 and 6 only 5. 5 only 6. 1 and 5 only
7. 2, 4, 6, and 8
8. The total energy is the same
everywhere.
9. None of the above
10. Impossible to determine
©Cengage
 Assessing to Learn
A planet has the orbit shown below. Use the 8 labeled
points to answer the question. At which point(s) is the
y-component of velocity largest?
1. 1 only 2. 2 and 8 only 3. 3 and 7 only
4. 4 and 6 only 5. 5 only 6. 1 and 5 only
7. 2, 4, 6, and 8
8. The total energy is the same
everywhere.
9. None of the above
10. Impossible to determine
©Cengage
 Assessing to Learn
A planet has the orbit shown below. Use the 8 labeled
points to answer the question. At which point(s) is the
x-component of velocity largest?
1. 1 only 2. 2 and 8 only 3. 3 and 7 only
4. 4 and 6 only 5. 5 only 6. 1 and 5 only
7. 2, 4, 6, and 8
8. The total energy is the same
everywhere.
9. None of the above
10. Impossible to determine
©Cengage
 Topic 7: Rotational Motion and Gravitation

TOPIC SUMMARY

©Cengage
 Topic Summary
• Angular Velocity and Angular Acceleration
 f  i   f  i 
av    av  
t f  ti t t f  ti t
• Rotational Motion Under Constant Angular
Acceleration
  i   t
1 2
  i t   t
2
 2  i 2  2
©Cengage
 Topic Summary
• Tangential Velocity, Tangential Acceleration,
and Centripetal Acceleration
vt  r and at  r

v2
ac   r 2
r
• Newton’s Second Law for Uniform Circular
Motion
2
v
 m  Fr
r
©Cengage
 Topic Summary
• Newtonian Gravitation
m1m2
F G 2
r
3
11 m
G  6.673  10
kg  s 2
• Gravitational Potential Energy

MEm
PE  G
r

©Cengage
 Topic Summary
• Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion
1. 2.

 4 2
 3
3. T  
2
r
 GM S 

©Cengage
Q&A Session

• Kindly ask verbally or using chat.

© 2019, University of Cyberjaya. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author.
Chapter 7 (Part 2) 6
Rotational Motion and Gravitation

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Thank you

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