DLS 212 – Selected Topics in General Physics

WILBERT R. QUINTUA
MAEd, Science

Module : Linear and Non-linear MotionP

Lesson 1

Self-Test 1

1. a. Displacement-the moving of something from its place or position.

b. Velocity-he speed of something in a given direction
c. Acceleration-the rate of change of velocity per unit of time
2. Speed-60 km/hr, Velocity-60 km/hr South, Distance covered-60 kilometers
3. a. as the time elapses, the distance covered is increasing

b. Yes, it is accelerating.

4. a. As time progresses, the position of the particle is not changed. This indicates no motion at all.
b. As time progresses, velocity constantly increases, hence, acceleration is positive. The particle is accelerating.
5. The round trip will take less time.
6. .46 meters/second
7. 167.78 mi/j
8. A. 141.94 m/s B. 317.52 mi/hour
9. 1768 meters
10. 17.54 years
11. 10 m/sec
12. A. 3400 m B. 3.4 km
13. A. Yes
14. 9 meters/sec
15. 20 kilometers

Self-Test 2

1. 60 km/h
2. 5 km/h2
3. 15 seconds
 4. 19.8 m/s
5. 10.2 m/s
6. a. 2.29 m/s
b. running
7. 32.25 m/s
8. 13.72 m/s
9. 11.6 m
10. 2.5 s
11. 12 m
12. 3.4 s
13. No question
14. 306 m/s
15. 14.7 m

Lesson 2

Self-Test 3

1. The one dropped from the rest

2. A. Depends on how you shoot the projectile. If you shoot it straight down, it’s minimal velocity during flight will be its initial
velocity. If you shoot it upwards, the speed will be minimum at its highest point. Why? Because all the upwards velocity
that the projectile has will be converted to potential energy (E=mgh). From there on, it will convert its potential energy
back into velocity - so it will be going faster and faster.
B. For normal trajectories from ground to ground in any direction, the velocity is maximum during the start of projectile or
the end of projectile. Whereas for trajectories where the projectile occurs from a particular height and drops on the
ground(eg throwing of stones from rooftop) the velocity is maximum when the projectile reaches ground.
3. Linear speed is the distance traveled per unit of time. Linear speed can also be called tangential speed because the
direction of motion is tangent to the circle's circumference. It is usually measured in km/h or m/s for ourpurposes in
physics. Rotational speed is the number of revolutions or radians turned in a unit of time. The greater your rotational
speed, the greater your tangential speed is- they are directly proportional.
4. A rotation is a circular movement of an object around a center of rotation. If a three-dimensional object like earth, moon
and other planets always rotates around an imaginary line called a rotation axis. The axis passes through the body’s
center of mass, the body is said to rotate upon itself or spin. While, revolution is often used as a synonym for rotation. But
in many fields like astronomy and its related subjects, the revolution is referred as orbital revolution. It is used when one
body moves around another while rotation is used to mean the movement around the axis. For example: Moon revolve
around the Earth, and the Earth revolve around the Sun.
5. 50.249 m/s
6. 273.62 N and 751.75 N
7.
 8. Yes
9. 2.6 m/s
10. 4.2 s
11. a.1.63 m b. travelling up
12. s
13. 17.3 m/s
14. .098 m
15. 2.5 m/s

Module 2: FORCE AND MOTION

LESSON 1: Force

Self –Test 1

A. Modified True or False

1. Force
2. True
3. True
4. Against/opposite
5. True
B. Give what are asked
1. Gravitational Force – Weakest force; but infinite range. (Not part of standard model)
Weak Nuclear Force – Next weakest; but short range.
Electromagnetic Force – Stronger, with infinite range.
Strong Nuclear Force – Strongest; but short range.
A gravitational force t:on a body is a pull that is directed toward a second body
The weight W of a body is the magnitude of the net force required to prevent the body from falling freely, as
measured by someone on the ground.
2. Mass is the measure of the amount of matter in a body. Mass is denoted using m or M. Weight is the measure
of the amount of force acting on a mass due to the acceleration due to gravity.
3. Suppose that two known forces are pushing an object and an unknown equilibrant force is acting to maintain
that object in a fixed position. One force points to the west and has a magnitude of 10 N, and the other points to
the south and has a magnitude of 8.0 N. By the Pythagorean theorem, the resultant of these two forces has a
magnitude of approximately 12.8 N, which is also the magnitude of the equilibrant force. The angle of the
equilibrant force can be found by trigonometry to be approximately 51 degrees north of east.
Examples are turn a doorknob, blow up a balloon, any motorized vehicle, or in electric circuitry, being different
ways to observe, force and resistance.
4. 1) Weight (mass x gravity) of the car.
 2) Normal force between the inclined plane at each tire (perpendicular to the inclined plane).
3) Force of static (rolling) friction acting between the tires and the inclined plane (parallel to the plane and acting
against the direction of rotation of the tires).
4) Force exerted by the car on the plane (parallel and opposing friction on the inclined plane).
5) Drag force depending on air resistance and velocity of the car
5. It is better to push the box parallel to the ramp because this means that all of your "push" is directed on the box
up the ramp, in other words you don't lose energy to the ramp by opposing the normal force of the ramp.
Here’s another way to look at it: If you push the box into the ramp (horizontal), you are relying on the ramp to
take some of the force you are applying and push the box in the right direction which means you need to put
more effort to get the box up. If you push parallel to the ramp, then the box goes up much faster because you
use less force to push the box by the same amount in the case before where you pushed horizontally.
6. 15 N and 25.98 N
7. 45 N 60 N RF= 15 N

8. 17.3 N and 10 N

9. F
10. Horizontal: 41.8 N
Vertical: 49.8 N

Self-Test 2

1. Since friction reduces motion, if friction is reduced then motion should require less force. If friction is suddenly
removed then the object will speed up.
2. Two conditions of equilibrium must be imposed to ensure than an object remains in static equilibrium. Not only
must the sum of all the forces acting upon the object be zero, but the sum of all the torques acting upon the
object must also be zero. That is, both static translational and static rotational equilibrium conditions must be
satisfied.
Condition 1: ∑Fx=0,∑Fy=0, translational equilibrium
Condition 2: ∑τ=0, rotational equilibrium
3. What Newton’s first law really says is that the only way to get something to change its motion is to use force. In
other words, force is the cause of motion. It also says that an object in motion tends to stay in motion, which
introduces the idea of inertia.
4. If the two surfaces of the same material are very smooth, the molecules and atoms of one surface get closer to
the molecules and atoms of the other surface. As they get closer the molecular cohesive forces begin to take
effect and the two surfaces will actually stick to each other. If the surfaces are rough there are far fewer
 molecules that are close but the rough surface against another rough surface causes friction as in two bricks
rubbing against each other. You can try this with two polished surfaces of metal or glass.
5. The rope is balanced i.e it is not in motion which means that the net force is 0. If we consider first force as the
action and second force as the reaction so tension will be equal to the second force (1000N) in order to make
the net force zero (i.e T-F=0)…… If the tension be 2000N (by simply adding the 2 forces) then net force will be
1000N (i.e T-F=1000N) which means the rope is in motion and not in equillibrium and thus we can conclude that
the tension in rope should be same as two forces i.e 1000N for the rope to be in equillibrium.

Self-Test 3

1. When the resultant force on an object is zero, it will remain at rest if it is at rest, or continue to move in a straight
line at a constant velocity if it is in motion. There is no change in either the magnitude or direction of its velocity.
That is, there is zero acceleration. This concept can also be applied to motion in any selected direction.
2. The acceleration of an object increases with increased force, decreases with increased mass, and is in the
same direction as the force.
3. Whatever alteration is made of the net force, the same change will occur with the acceleration. Double, triple or
quadruple the net force, and the acceleration will do the same. On the other hand, whatever alteration is made
of the mass, the opposite or inverse change will occur with the acceleration. Double, triple or quadruple the
mass, and the acceleration will be one-half, one-third or one-fourth its original value.
4. Acceleration is inversely proportional to mass. A twofold increase in mass yields a halved acceleration.
A 5 fold increase in mass yields a fifth of the original acceleration. And so on… Of course, these are all given
under the pretense of a unchanging force.
5. Volkswagen, bicycle, ping-pong
6. 1 ½ times as far
7. Answering these questions demands an understanding of Newton's first and second law and the concept of
terminal velocity. According to Newton's laws, an object will accelerate if the forces acting upon it are
unbalanced; and further, the amount of acceleration is directly proportional to the amount of net force
(unbalanced force) acting upon it. Falling objects initially accelerate (gain speed) because there is no force big
enough to balance the downward force of gravity. Yet as an object gains speed, it encounters an increasing
amount of upward air resistance force. In fact, objects will continue to accelerate (gain speed) until the air
resistance force increases to a large enough value to balance the downward force of gravity. Since the elephant
has more mass, it weighs more and experiences a greater downward force of gravity. The elephant will have to
accelerate (gain speed) for a longer period of time before there is sufficient upward air resistance to balance the
large downward force of gravity.
8. hence a = F/m , if we double F AND we double m , then a = 2F/2m = F/m and so is identical to the acceleration
of the first object. If we DIDN'T double F then the heavier weight would accelerate slower.
9. 9.8 N
10. 140 N
 11. 450. N, 45.0 kg., 1130 N
12. -100 m/s2
13. -51.6 N
14. 11,500 N
15. 318.25 N

Self-Test 4

1. The statement means that in every interaction, there is a pair of forces acting on the two interacting objects. The
size of the forces on the first object equals the size of the force on the second object. The direction of the force
on the first object is opposite to the direction of the force on the second object. Forces always come in pairs -
equal and opposite action-reaction force pairs.
2. Consider the flying motion of birds. A bird flies by use of its wings. The wings of a bird push air downwards.
Consider the motion of a car on the way to school. A car is equipped with wheels that spin. As the wheels spin,
they grip the road and push the road backwards. A fish uses its fins to push water backwards. But a push on the
water will only serve to accelerate the water.
3. Forces always come in pairs - equal and opposite action-reaction force pairs.
4. An object that is falling through the atmosphere is subjected to two external forces. The first force is the
gravitational force, expressed as the weight of the object, and the second force is the aerodynamic drag of the
object.
5. Both experience the same force, Both will experience the same impact force, in accord with Newton's 3rd law.
The force that body A exerts on body B is equal and opposite to the force that body B exerts on body A. The
effects of these forces, however, are quite different --- note from Newton's 2nd law
6. reaction: the apple pulling up on the earth
7. 66.32 kg, .452 m/s2
8. 3 meters
9. Solve: F ma (72.0 kg)( 20.0 m/s2) 1440 N
10. A. -34,000 N B. 34,000 N
Module 3: Heat and Thermodynamics

Lesson 1: Temperature Heat and Expansion

Self-Test 1

A.

1. Heat
2. Temperature
3. Kilocalorie
4. Calorie
5. Specific heat capacity
6. Sun
7. Evaporation
8. Condensation

B.

1. The most commonly used scales are the Celsius scale (formerly called centigrade) (denoted °C),
2. The equations of heat flow in solids do not depend on which way is up. The direction of heat flow in a small element within
a solid only depends on the temperature of its neighboring elements. Heat within the solid will flow from hot to cold. It will
cheerfully flow downward if it is cooler down there. Your intuition about heat rising is probably due to the fact that heated
air does rise since it is less dense than cold air, for example in a hot-air balloon or thermal convection currents.
3. Heat is by definition the flow of thermal energy from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature.
Temperature is a measure of the average rate of kinetic energy of the particles in a system. Thus matter does not contain
heat; heat occurs in matter as thermal energy moves from one region to another in the matter.
4. Temperature is the average kinetic energy of the particles of matter. the hotter something is the more kinetic energy it
has.
5. When heat is added to a substance, the molecules and atoms vibrate faster. As atoms vibrate faster, the space between
atoms increases. The motion and spacing of the particles determines the state of matter of the substance. The end result
of increased molecular motion is that the object expands and takes up more space.
6. Mass of the object remains the same, however. Solids, liquids and gases all expand when heat is added. When heat
leaves all substances, the molecules vibrate slower. The atoms can get closer which results in the matter contracting.
Again, the mass is not changed.
7. Heat capacity is the measurable physical quantity that characterizes the amount of heat required to change a substance’s
temperature by a given amount. It is measured in joules per Kelvin and given by. The heat capacity is an extensive
property, scaling with the size of the system. The heat capacity of most systems is not constant (though it can often be
treated as such). It depends on the temperature, pressure, and volume of the system under consideration.
8. Temperature is directly proportional to energy per molecule. How much energy depends on how many molecules. When
you touch the inside surface of the oven, you're making contact with many, many molecules, and the flow of energy is a
painful experience. Although the energy per molecule is much greater in the sparks of the firework, you make contact with
only a relatively few molecules when a spark lands on you. The corresponding low energy transfer borders on your
threshold of feeling.
 9. The twice-as-hot iron is 293ºC.
10. the hole gets larger
11. You can't see the CMB with your naked eye, but it is everywhere in the universe. It is invisible to humans because it is so
cold, just 2.725 degrees above absolute zero (minus 459.67 degrees Fahrenheit, or minus 273.15 degrees Celsius.) This
means its radiation is most visible in the microwave part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
12. 3.35 x 106 J
13. 347,000J
14. 66 ºC
15. 31.8 ºC

Transfer of Heat

Self-Test 2

1. radiation = generated and absorbed photons

conduction = molecules exciting their neighbors succesively
convection = molecules heated like in conduction, but then move to another location
2. Conduction:
Touching a stove and being burned
Ice cooling down your hand
Boiling water by thrusting a red-hot piece of iron into it
Convection:
Hot air rising, cooling, and falling (convection currents)
An old-fashioned radiator (creates a convection cell in a room by emitting warm air at the top and drawing in cool air at the
bottom).
Radiation:
Heat from the sun warming your face
Heat from a light bulb
Heat from a fire
Heat from anything else which is warmer than its surroundings.
3. As heat increases, great amounts of energy are released in photons- Thus, the photons have greater energy at higher
heats makes sense, right? So, higher energy photons are those with shorter wavelengths, like for example, the color red
has a longer wavelength than the color blue-and blue is a higher energy photon. You can actually measure the
temperature of materials by measuring the light emitted from them, if you know the material.
4. Pour the cream in right away.
5. When a candle ordinarily burns, the warmer carbon dioxide produced in the flame rises by convection, and oxygen comes
in from below to keep the process going. But, when in orbit, there is no effect of gravity inside the cabin and convection
cannot occur. The warmer exhaust gases do not rise and instead suffocate the flame.

Thermodynamics

Self-Test 3
1. If you measure temperature relative to absolute zero, the temperature is an absolute temperature; absolute zero is 0.
2. Melting Ice Cube, Sweating in a Crowded Room, Taking a Bath
3. The First Law of the Thermodynamics is related to the conservation of energy, while the Second Law of Thermodynamics
argue that some of the thermodynamics processes are impermissible and does not entirely follow the First Law of
Thermodynamics.
4. A heat engine is a machine that converts heat into work. In general an engine converts energy to mechanical work. The
difference is the use of Heat as the fuel. The first law and second law of thermodynamics constrain the operation of a heat
engine. How? Here goes:
1. The first law is the application of conservation of energy to the system. Heat energy converted into Mechanical energy
in a Heat Engine.
2. The second law sets limits on the possible efficiency of the machine and determines the direction of energy flow.
Basically, it's the working statistics and limitations of the engine.
5. In an external combustion engine, the fuel burns outside and away from the main bit of the engine where the force and
motion are produced. A steam engine is a good example: there's a coal fire at one end that heats water to make steam.
The steam is piped into a strong metal cylinder where it moves a tight-fitting plunger called a piston back and forth. The
moving piston powers whatever the engine is attached to (maybe a factory machine or the wheels of a locomotive). This is
an external combustion engine because the coal is burning outside and some distance from the cylinder and piston.
In an internal combustion engine, the fuel burns inside the cylinder. In a typical car engine, for example, there are
something like four to six separate cylinders inside which gasoline is constantly burning with oxygen to release heat
energy. The cylinders "fire" alternately to ensure the engine produces a steady supply of power that drives the car's
wheels.
Module 4: Basic Electricity and Magnetism

Lesson 1: Magnetic and Electric Force

Self-Test 1

1. B
2. C
3. B
4. A
5. C
6. B
7. C

1. Magnetism is a class of physical phenomena that are mediated by magnetic fields. Electric currents and the
magnetic moments of elementary particles give rise to a magnetic field, which acts on other currents and
magnetic moments.
2. Magnetism in natural ferromagnetic materials like lodestones/magnetite come from the alignment of the atoms
in their elemental iron. Magnetism originates with the electrons creating current “loops” that tend to align as to
oppose the applied field. Sort of an atomic version of Lenz's law. The idea that induced magnetic fields tend to
oppose the change that created them.
3. Opposite poles of a magnet attract each other, whereas like poles repel each other. When lined up with a south-
seeking pole, a north-seeking pole would draw closer to that end of the magnet. However, when lined up with
another north-seeking pole, the two magnets would push away from each other because their forces are not
compatible.
4. Earth looks like a big magnet with a north and south pole like any other magnet. (As described in Which Pole is
North, the pole located up in northern Canada is really the magnetic south pole.)
5. In electricity, there are two types of charges: positive and negative. When two opposite charges are brought
close together (for example, a positive and a negative charge), they will attract each other, and a force will bring
the two charges together, whereas two similar charges (for example, two negative charges) will repel each
other with an identical force as two opposite charges attract but in the opposite direction. In magnetism, the
same principles apply; however, a single magnet contains two "poles": a north pole (which aligns with the north
pole of the Earth) and a south pole. In magnets, much as in electricity, like poles repel each other while
opposite poles attract each other.
6. Electricity has more to do with electronic currents and fields, while magnetism focuses more on fields and
currents of a magnetic nature. Electricity is typically described as a force that occurs during the presence of
electric charges. These forces take place due to shifts in electric charges. Conversely, magnetism is a
phenomenon that is produced as a byproduct of electricity. When electric charges begin to move, this is when
 magnetism takes place. But what many do not know about magnetism is that it also possesses a duality.
Magnetic poles are created when electrical charges move in one direction or the other.
7. Electromagnetic or magnetic induction is the production of an electromotive force (i.e., voltage) across an
electrical conductor in a changing magnetic field.
8. Electroscopes detect electric charge by the motion of a test object due to the Coulomb electrostatic force. Since
the electric potential or voltage of an object with respect to ground equals its charge divided by its capacitance
to ground, an electroscope can be regarded as a crude voltmeter.
9. Ground conductors are materials that cannot hold a charge because they pass through them into the electrical
ground.
10. So, whenever two different materials come into contact, they trade some electrons. If one material has a
greater affinity for electrons than the other, it will gain some electrons, causing it to gain a negative charge
(while the other object gains a positive charge). Now, fabrics, especially synthetic fabrics, tend to have a higher
affinity for electrons than human skin, which means that, when they rub against human skin, they tend to gain a
negative charge, while skin gains a positive charge.

Lesson 2: Electricity

Self-Test 1

A.
1. Electric current
2. True
3. Positive terminal
4. True
5. Parallel
6. Series
7. True
8. Alternating current
9. True
10. Fuse/Circuit breaker
B. P
1. An electric current is a flow of electric charge
2. In electric circuits this charge is often carried by moving electrons in a wire. It can also be carried by ions in
an electrolyte, or by both ions and electrons such as in an ionized gas (plasma).
3. Volt-voltage, ampere-current, ohm-resistance, watt-electric power
4. An electrical circuit is a network consisting of a closed loop, giving a return path for the current.
5. A short circuit allows current to flow where it shouldn’t. Potentially, if it’s at or near the power input for the
device, it can carry all the power the source can provide. In the case of a residential outlet that can be 10s
of amperes for thousands of watts. That’s a LOT of heat and it can cause a fire.
 6. In a series circuit, the current through each of the components is the same, and the voltage across the
circuit is the sum of the voltages across each component. In a parallel circuit, the voltage across each of the
components is the same, and the total current is the sum of the currents through each component.
7. In a series circuit, every device must function for the circuit to be complete. In parallel circuits, each light
bulb has its own circuit.
8. Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the
voltage across the two points.
9. In a battery, the only place to go is to the cathode. But, the electrolyte keeps the electrons from going
straight from the anode to the cathode within the battery. When the circuit is closed (a wire connects the
cathode and the anode) the electrons will be able to get to the cathode. The electrons go through the wire,
lighting the light bulb along the way. This is one way of describing how electrical potential causes electrons
to flow through the circuit.
10. In a DC circuit, electrons emerge from the minus or negative pole and move towards the plus or positive
pole. Some of the physicists define DC as, it travels from plus to minus. Alternating current is defined as the
flow of charge that changes direction periodically. The result obtained will be, the voltage level also
reverses along with the current. Basically AC is used to deliver power to industries, houses, office buildings,
etc.
Lesson 3: Electromagnetism

Self-Test 3

1. Take an iron screw or nail or anything that resembles a piece of iron rod. Take copper wire. Generally copper
wire comes insulated and some without insulation. Insulation is used only for safety purpose and not to worry
for type of wire if you are using normal toys batteries as electric source. In case of insulated wire, you need to
scratch the ends of wire to establish electric connection from source. Start wrapping the wire on iron nail after
leaving comfortable length of one end of wire free for electric connection. The closure and evenly you wrap, the
stronger the magnet will be. You can add several layers of wrapping once the wrapping at first layer completes.
More layers will only make a strong magnet. Leave the other end of wire free for connection. Your
electromagnet is now ready.
2. Current started to flow in one wire, a sort of wave would travel through the ring and cause some electrical effect
on the opposite side. He plugged one wire into a galvanometer, and watched it as he connected the other wire
to a battery.
3. An electric generator is a device that converts mechanical energy obtained from an external source into
electrical energy as the output. It is important to understand that a generator does not actually ‘create’ electrical
energy. Instead, it uses the mechanical energy supplied to it to force the movement of electric charges present
in the wire of its windings through an external electric circuit. This flow of electric charges constitutes the output
electric current supplied by the generator.
 DLS 212 – Selected Topics in General Physics

FINAL EXAMINATION

WILBERT R. QUINTUA
MAEd, Science

1. A scalar quantity is usually depicted by a number, numerical value, or a magnitude , but no direction. A vector is described
by both direction and magnitude. Examples of scalar quantities include time , volume , speed, mass , temperature ,
distance, entropy, energy , work , …
Example of vector quantities include acceleration, velocity , momentum , force , increase and decrease in temperature ,
weight.
2. We can use the cosine formula and calculate the resultant of any two vectors: R = V along the bisector of 120, which
makes it OPPOSITE to the third vector and obviously having the same magnitude. Then SIGMA V = zero. Only in a
particular configuration of each vector being at 120 degrees from the other two vectors; then, the resultant sum of these
three vectors would be zero.
Yes, It is possible. If all the three vectors are null vectors. If the angle between each vector is 120°. Then the resultant of
any two vector will be same and make an angle of 60° with the vectors of which resultant is taken. Again taking resultant
of two remaining vectors you will get 0.
3. The average velocity equals the instantaneous velocity if it is constant. The average velocity is never equal to the
instantaneous velocity if the acceleration is constant but non-zero. If the motion is sinusoidal, the average and
instantaneous velocity is equal very 90 degrees; the (overall) average velocity is constant and the instantaneous velocity
is constantly changing.
4. YES. It is possible. But it is only possible for a moment. And what is a moment? It is a brief, immeasurable period whereby
something happens. Imagine you throw a ball in the air. It goes up and comes back down. When you throw it up, it has a
positive velocity and a negative acceleration (it isn’t speeding up). As it hits apogee (its highest point), it has zero velocity
and an acceleration equal to 9.8 m/s^2 directed toward the earth. It is at this moment that the body has negative
acceleration yet no velocity.
5.
6. Newton’s first law of motion:- It states that “an object at rest will stay at rest and an object in motion will stay in motion with
the same speed and direction unless acted upon by unbalanced force.” This law is also known as law of inertia. Inertia is
a property of matter by which it continues in its existing state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line, unless that state is
changed by an external force. Remember, don’t confuse inertia with weight.
Explanation: To understand this, ask yourself a simple question, why is it easier to move a car than a fully loaded truck?
Why more force is required to move a loaded truck than a car? You might say “well, its because truck has more weight” or
“more friction”. If this is your answer, then you are wrong. The weight acts downward and you are moving the vehicle in
the forward direction. You are pulling\pushing the vehicle, not lifting it.
Newton’s second law of motion:- It states that “The acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly
proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the same direction as the net force, and inversely proportional to the
mass of the object. In other words it means the force exerted by a body is product of its mass and acceleration.
Explanation: According to second law of motion, FORCE=Mass x Acceleration.
It means if you push an object of mass 1 kg with 1 Newton force, the acceleration will be 1 m/s
Newton’s second law of motion:- It states that “If there is force F being applied on a body ,the body will apply a force of
equal magnitude but in opposite direction.” or “For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.” Simple isn't it?
Explanation: Try to push the wall. ..It did not move a single Millimeter. Why? Because the wall is exerting the equal
amount of force on you.
7. radiation = generated and absorbed photons
conduction = molecules exciting their neighbors succesively
convection = molecules heated like in conduction, but then move to another location
Conduction:
 Touching a stove and being burned
Ice cooling down your hand
Boiling water by thrusting a red-hot piece of iron into it
Convection:
Hot air rising, cooling, and falling (convection currents)
An old-fashioned radiator (creates a convection cell in a room by emitting warm air at the top and drawing in cool air at the
bottom).
Radiation:
Heat from the sun warming your face
Heat from a light bulb
Heat from a fire
Heat from anything else which is warmer than its surroundings.
8. Excess heat can lead to circulatory collapse, as all internal organs (heart, kidneys, liver etc) are designed to function
within a narrow temperature range only.
9. In a series circuit, every device must function for the circuit to be complete. In parallel circuits, each light bulb has its own
circuit.
10. As you can see, magnetism and electricity have many commonalities. However, in 1864, physicist James Clerk Maxwell
discovered that these two subjects are even more closely linked. What he found was that electricity and magnetism are
two manifestations of the same fundamental property called electromagnetism. To summarize Maxwell's equations, as
they became known, stationary electric charges are the source of both electric fields while moving charges (i.e., electric
currents) are responsible for magnetic fields. Furthermore, he found that changing electric fields can produce changing
magnetic fields and vice versa. In the case of both magnetism and electricity, this influence is subject to the inverse
square law; that is, the field strength is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between two objects. For
example, if the distance between two magnetic poles is 3, then the field strength between the two will decrease by a factor
of 9.