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INTEGERS
ADDITION and SUBTRACTION of INTEGERS
SAME SIGNS
If the numbers have the same sign, add, keep the sign.
Examples: a.) 12 + 4 = 16
b.) (-12) + (-4) = -16
c.) -12 – 4 = 16
OPPOSITE SIGNS
If the numbers have opposite signs, subtract, keep the sign of the number with the greatest absolute value
(distance from 0)
A negative sign “-” outside a set of parentheses can be read as “find the opposite of.” For example,
the expression – (-12) means “find the opposite of -12.” Since the opposite of a negative number is
a positive number, - (-12) = 12.
To simplify expressions with double negative signs replace the double negative signs with a positive
sign. Then combine the numbers using the rules for adding and subtracting integers.
Examples: a.) -12 – (-4) = -12 + 4 = -8
b.) -4 – (-12) = -4 + 12 =8
c.) -4 – (-4) = -4 + 4 = 0
d.) 12 – (-4) = 12 + 4 = 16
e.) 4 – (-12) = 4 + 12 = 16
f.) 12 – (-12) = 12 + 12 = 24
ADDING and SUBTRACTING MORE THAN TWO INTEGERS
SAME SIGNS
If the numbers have the same sign, the product or quotient is positive
Examples: a. 12 (4) = 48 c.) 12 ÷ 4 = 3
b.) (-12) (-4) = 48 d.) -12 ÷ (-4) = 3
When multiplying more than two integers, count the number of negative signs:
a.) If the number of negative signs is even, the product is always positive.
b.) If the number of negative signs is odd, the product is always negative
Note that -2⁴ ≠ (-2)⁴. In the expression -2⁴, the base is 2 not -
2, and the negative sign is ready as “find the opposite of.”
Because 2⁴ = 16 and the “opposite of” 16 is -16.