Topic 4

DEE10013-MEASUREMENT
DEVICES
COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME
 Apply the concept of measurement n electrical and

electronic equipment using appropriate measuring
operations and theorems. (C3, PLO1)
LEARNING OUTCOME
 Remember fundamental concept of DC bridge

circuits
 Understand the principle of DC Bridge
 Apply basic concept of DC bridge circuit in

measuring resistance
4.0 DC BRIDGE
(04:04)
INTRODUCTION OF DC BRIDGE
Figure 4.0: The summary of introduction DC bridge.

THE BASIC DIAGRAM OF A STANDARD
BRIDGE CIRCUIT.
R1 R2
Ig
V Null
A Detector B
R3 R4
Figure 4.1: The basic schematic diagram of standard

bridge.
THE CONCEPT OF STANDARD BRIDGE CIRCUIT
• Bridge circuit generally refers to a circuit in which a load
is connected between two levels of resistors. The load is
call a null detector.
• When the voltage between point A is equal to the
voltage between point B, the null detector will indicate
zero. That means no current flow through the load. This
condition shows that the bridge is in balance.
THE WHEATSTONE BRIDGE SCHEMATIC
DIAGRAM The battery (v) is
connected between C
and B while the
galvanometer (G) is
connected between A
and B.
R4 is the unknown resistor
R1, R2 and R3 are resistors
of known resistance and
the resistance of R3 is
adjustable
• The arms consisting the resistances R1 and R2 are
called ratio arms. The arm consisting the standard
known resistance R3 is called standard arm.
• The resistance R4 is the unknown resistance to be

measured. The battery is connected between C and D
while galvanometer is connected between A and B.
• Now the bridge as two series circuits: one consisting

of resistors R1 and R3 and the other consisting of R2
and R4. The two series circuits are connected in
parallel with each other.
THE BRIDGES IN NULL CONDITION
• Bridge in null condition when the voltage between

point A is equal to the voltage between point B, the
null detector will indicate zero ( Ig = 0A).That means
no current flow through the load.
THE CONDITIONS FOR BALANCE BRIDGE
(NULL CONDITION)
When the wheatstone is balance three condition
must be consider which is:
• Voltage between the resistor arm is equal
VA = VB or VR3 = VR4
• No current flow to Galvanometer (Ig= 0 A) and
the current flows through R2 is equal to the
current flows through R4.
• The ratio of resistors on both side of the
bridge are equals.
DERIVATION GENERAL BRIDGE BALANCE
EQUATION FOR WHEATSTONE BRIDGE
R1 R2
V B
A G
R3 Rx=R4
Example 1:
Based on figure 4.2, derive the equation for R4 if the
bridge is in balance condition.
Figure 4.2
SOLUTION:
THE CALCULATION UNKNOWN RESISTANCE
IN BALANCED BRIDGE
EXAMPLE 1
The Wheatstone Bridge figure 4.3 has R1 = 10 KΩ and
R2 = 15KΩ. At balance point, R3 = 40KΩ. Calculate
the value of unknown resistance, R4.
Figure 4.3
SOLUTION:
From the bridge balance equation we have:
Therefore:
CONSTRUCTION WHEATSTONE BRIDGE CIRCUIT FOR
RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT
Application of Wheatstone Bridge
• Used to measure the resistance in the range 1Ω
to low MΩ
• Used to measure the dc resistance of various type
of wires for the purpose of quality control
• Used to measure the resistance of motor
winding, relay coil etc.
• Used by the telephone companies to locate cable
faults either line to line short or line to ground
short
TUTORIAL
1. Figure 4.4 below shows a diagram of Wheatstone
bridge with constant of R1 = 100Ω, R2 = 1000Ω and
R3 = 200Ω. Determine the value for the unknown
arm, R4 if the bridge is in balance
Figure 4.4
2. Construct the wheatstone bridge circuit for unknow
resistance (Rx) measurement and calculate the value
of Rx if R1 = 1KΩ , R2=2KΩ , R3 = 1.3KΩ
TUTORIAL ANSWER
1) R4 = 2KΩ
2) Rx = 2.6 KΩ
Rr
Kelvin Bridge
• a modification of Wheatstone’s bridge
• also called a Kelvin double bridge and some
countries Thomson bridge
• used to measure values of resistance below 1Ω
• In low resistance measurement, the resistance of
the leads connecting the unknown resistance to the
terminal of the bridge circuit may affect the
measurement.
22
Kelvin bridge schematic diagram
23
Bridge Balance Equation for Kelvin
Bridge
• Ry - resistance of the connecting leads from R3 to Rx.
• Galvanometer can be connected either to point c or to point
a.
• connected to point a, the resistance Ry, of the connecting
lead is added to the indication for Rx.
• connection is made to point c, Ry is added to the bridge arm
R3 - resulting measurement of Rx is lower than the actual
value. (Actual value of R3 is higher than its nominal value by
the resistance Ry)
• If the galvanometer is connected to point b, in between
points c and a, in such a way that the ratio of the resistance
from c to b and that from a to b equals the ratio of
resistances R1 and R2, then 24
Bridge
25
Bridge
26
Example 5
If in Figure 5 the ratio of Ra to Rb is 1000Ω, R1 is
5Ω and R1 = 0.5R2. What is the value of Rx.
Solution:
R1
Rx  R3
R2
27
REFERENCES
• Kalsi, H.S. (2004). Electronic Instrumentation. New
Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill.
• Bakshi U.A, Bakshi A.V. (2009). Electronic
Instrumentation, Technical Publications,
• Bhavani V, Vasantha S. (2008). Measurements &
Instrumentation, IBS
• Helfrick & Cooper (2008). Modern Electronic
Instrumentation & Measurement Techniques,
Prentice Hall of India
• Stephen L.Herman (2010) .Standard Textbook of
Electricity, 5th Edition. Delmar Cengage Learning

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DEE10013-MEASUREMENT

 Apply the concept of measurement n electrical and

 Remember fundamental concept of DC bridge

 Understand the principle of DC Bridge

 Apply basic concept of DC bridge circuit in

Figure 4.0: The summary of introduction DC bridge.

Figure 4.1: The basic schematic diagram of standard

• The resistance R4 is the unknown resistance to be

• Now the bridge as two series circuits: one consisting

• Bridge in null condition when the voltage between

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