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    CELL & SUBCELLULAR ORGANELLES (1)

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    suriyashankaran042007

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    CELL & SUBCELLULAR ORGANELLES (1)

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    suriyashankaran042007
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    0 views29 pages

    CELL & SUBCELLULAR ORGANELLES (1)

    Uploaded by

    suriyashankaran042007

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 29

    CELL & SUBCELLULAR

    ORGANELLES
    Dr.Uma maheshwari
    Prof & HOD
    Department of Biochemistry
    A Typical Cell
    The Cell
    The Cell is the structural and functional unit
    of life.
    It is the basic unit of biological activity.
    The cells of biological systems are divided
    into two categories.
    Prokaryotes
    Eukaryotes
     Prokaryotes ( Pro - before, karyon – Nucleus).
     Lack a well defined nucleus and possess relatively simple
    structure.
     Lower organism - bacteria.

     Eukaryotes ( Eu – true/good, karyon – Nucleus)


     Have a membrane enclosed nucleus encapsulating their DNA.
     Higher organisms - Plants and animals.
    Difference between Prokaryotic &
    Eukaryotic cell
    Characteristics Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
    1.Size 0.1-10 μm 10-100 μm
    2.Cell membrane Rigid cell wall Plasma membrane
    3.Cytoplasm Viscous, No Subcellular
    subcellular organelle present
    organelle
    Ultracentrifugation
    Subcellular Organelles
    Nucleus
    Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
    Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
    Golgi apparatus
    Mitochondria
    Lysosomes
    Peroxisomes
    Ribosomes
    Nucleus
    Nucleoplasm

    Nuclear envelope

    Nucleolus

    Endoplasmic reticulum

    Ribosomes
    Nucleus
    Nucleus is a large membrane bound
    compartment .
    Nucleus is surrounded by 2 membranes,
    Nuclear envelope, with the outer membrane
    continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum.
    Nuclear envelope contains numerous pores
    of about 90 nm in diameter.
    Nucleus contains a major sub compartment –
    Nucleolus.
    DNA – Genetic repository
    Deoxy ribonucleic
    acid (DNA), the
    repository of genetic
    information is
    located in the
    nucleus.
    DNA replication and
    transcription occurs.
    Marker enzyme:
    DNA Polymerase
    Nucleolus
    Lighter shaded area
    inside the nucleus.
    RNA processing and
    ribosomal assembly
    occurs.
    Endoplasmic reticulum
    A network of interconnecting membranes
    that thread from the nuclear envelope to
    plasma membrane.
    2 Types
    Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
    Rough endoplasmic reticulum (studded with
    ribosomes).
    Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
     Smooth Endoplasmic
    reticulum – Microsomes.
     Lipid synthesis
     Hydroxylation reactions.
    (Cytochrome P450 ).
     Drug metabolism, ethanol
    oxidation.
     Marker enzyme
     Glucose 6 Phosphatase
     Rough endoplasmic
    reticulum ER studded with
    ribosomes
     Protein synthesis.
    Golgi complex
    Golgi complex is a
    network of flattened
    smooth membrane
    sacs- Cisternae.
    Marker enzyme
    Galactosyl
    transferase
    Golgi complex
    Modification and sorting of proteins.
    Glycosylation of Proteins
    Major site of new membrane synthesis.
    Cisternae are of three types – cis, medial and
    trans.
    Glycoproteins are generally transported from
    ER to cis golgi (proximal), medial
    (intermediate) and then to trans (distal)
    golgi.
    Contd…
    Secretion of immunoglobulins by plasma
    cells.
    Release of trypsinogen by pancreatic acinar
    cells and release of insulin by beta cells of
    Langerhans.
    The synthesized materials may be collected
    into lysosome packets.
    Lysosomes
    Vesicular structures
    Size 0.4 μm
    Surrounded by
    lipoprotein membrane
    Acidic pH (~5)
    Contain a group of
    hydrolytic enzymes
    (>40)
    Marker enzyme :
    Acid Phosphatase
    Lysosomes
    Lysosomes recycle materials by breaking down
    worn-out parts of a cell into smaller units
    "suicide bag“ of the cell.
    Cellular digestion
    Hydrolysis of carbohydrates (glucosidase,
    fucosidase, hyaluronidase); proteins (cathepsins,
    collagenase, elastase); lipids (fatty acyl esterase,
    phospholipase) and nucleic acids
    (phosphodiesterase).
    Clinical Significance
    Lysosomal storage disorders:
    Inclusion cell disease – a protein targeting
    defect –
    accumulation of non degraded molecules –
    inclusion bodies.
    Gout – Urate crystals are phagocytosed and cause
    physical damage of lysosomes releasing enzymes
    producing inflammation and arthritis.
    Cathepsins are implicated in tumor metastasis.
    They degrade basal lamina of cells.
    Silicosis – Lysosomal enzymes are released
    stimulating fibroblast proliferation.
    Peroxisomes
    Metabolism of free
    oxygen radicals.
    Synthesis of
    cholesterol and
    ether lipids.
    Bile acid formation.
    Catabolism of long
    chain fatty acids.
    Contd…
    Catabolism of purines, prostaglandins, leucotrienes.
    Alcohol detoxification in liver.
    Metabolism of estradiol.
    Peroxisomes play unique role in Hydrogen Peroxide
    metabolism.
    Contain enzymes that use molecular oxygen to
    remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates
    RH2 + O2 🡪 R + H2O2
    Hydrogen peroxide is used up or detoxified.
    Catalases in peroxisome convert this hydrogen
    peroxide to water.
    2H2O2 🡪 2 H2O + O2
    Clinical Significance
    Peroxisomal biogenesis disorders
    Deficiency of peroxisomal matrix proteins can lead
    to adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) (Brown-
    Schilder’s disease). The defect is due to insufficient
    oxidation of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA) by
    peroxisomes.
    In Zellweger syndrome, there is formation of
    empty peroxisomes or peroxisomal ghosts inside
    the cells.
    Primary hyperoxaluria is due to the defective
    peroxisomal metabolism of glyoxalate derived from
    glycine.
    Mitochondria
    Spherical, oval or
    rod like bodies
    Size: 0.2- 0.8 μm
    Erythrocytes no
    mitochondrion
    Liver cell 800-2500
    Structure of Mitochondria
    Bilayered
    Outer membrane –
    Smooth
    Inner membrane –
    convolutes into folds
    - Cristae
    2 Compartments
    Inter membrane
    space
    Matrix
    Metabolic pathways in Mitochondria
     Inner mitochondrial membrane contains the Electron
    transport chain.
     Enzymes of TCA cycle
     Beta Oxidation of Fatty Acids etc.
     Ketone body metabolism
     Part of urea synthesis
     Part of pyrimidine synthesis
     Part of heme synthesis
     Part of gluconeogenesis
     Cyt-p450 involved in steroidogenesis

     Marker enzyme: ATP Synthase


    Clinical Significance
    Luft’s disease – Defective energy
    transduction
    Mt. Myopathies – OXPHOS diseases
    Due to mutation in Mt DNA
    Parkinson’s, Cardiomyopathies – age related
    degenerative diseases.
    Cytosol
    Glycolysis
    Glycogen metabolism
    HMP shunt
    Fatty acid synthesis
    Part of urea, heme pyrimidine synthesis
    Purine synthesis

    Marker enzyme: Lactate dehydrogenase


    THANK YOU

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