Topic 5 Electricity and Magnetism

TOPIC 5 ELECTRICITY
AND MAGNETISM
5.2 HEATING EFFECT
OF ELECTRIC
CURRENTS
OBJECTIVES
• Resistance expressed as R = V / I
• Ohm’s law
• Resistivity R = L / A
• Circuit diagrams
• Kirchhoff’s circuit laws
• Heating effect of current and its consequences
• Power dissipation
ELECTRIC CURRENT
FORMULATION
Potential difference Electric Field Electric current
V E I
ELECTRIC RESISTANCE
WATCH
VIDEO
The resistor
OHM’S LAW
V
In 1826, the German scientist
Georg Ohm (1789–1854)
discovered that, when the
temperature of most metallic
conductors is kept constant, the
current through the conductor is
proportional to the potential
difference across it:
ELECTRIC RESISTANCE
Experiments show that three factors affect the resistance
of a wire kept at constant temperature. They are:
• the nature of the material
• the length of the wire
• the cross-sectional area of the wire.
For most metallic materials, an increase in the
temperature results in an increase in the resistance.
WATCH
VIDEO
Electric resistance
ELECTRIC RESISTANCE
SEE
SIMULATION
Resistance in a wire
EXAM QUESTION
A metal wire X with length L and radius r has a resistance R. A wire Y of length
4L made from the same material as X has the same resistance R. What is the radius of
Y?
A. 2r
B. 4r
C.
D.
MARKSCHEME:
A
VOLTAGE
This says that if there is a current through a conductor that has resistance, i.e. a
resistor, then there must be a potential difference across the ends
of that resistor. The term voltage is commonly used for the potential difference at the
ends of a resistor.
ELECTRIC POWER
ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE
(EMF)
We define emf as the work done per unit charge in moving charge across the battery
terminals.
SIMPLE CIRCUITS
CIRCUITS SYMBOLS
CIRCUITS COMPONENTS
RESISTORS IN SERIES
I constant
V variable
RESISTORS IN SERIES
Suppose we connect the three resistors to a battery of negligible internal resistance
and emf equal to 24 V. Suppose that R1 = 2.0 Ω, R2 = 6.0 Ω and R3 = 4.0 Ω. Find
the current passing through each resistance (book question)
Rtotal = 2.0 + 6.0 + 4.0 = 12 Ω
V1=IR1=4.0V
V2=IR2=12V
V3=IR3=8.0V
RESISTORS IN PARALLEL
𝐼=𝐼 1+𝐼 2 +𝐼3

RESISTORS IN PARALLEL
V constant
I variable
MORE COMPLEX CIRCUITS
WORKED EXAMPLE (OXFORD)
Calculate the currents in the circuit shown
EXAM QUESTION
A cell of emf 6.0 V and negligible internal resistance is connected to three resistors
as shown.
The resistors have resistance of 3.0 Ω and 6.0 Ω as shown.
What is the current in resistor X?
A. 0.40 A
B. 0.50 A
C. 1.0 A
D. 2.0 A
MARKSCHEME:
C
EXAM QUESTION
An electric circuit consists of three identical resistors of resistance R connected to a
cell of emf ε and negligible internal resistance.
A.
B.
C.
D.
MARKSCHEME:
B
MULTI-LOOP CIRCUITS
MULTI-LOOP CIRCUITS
Book example:
Each of the four resistors in the circuit of Figure 5.33 is 2.0 Ω. Let’s
determine the currents in the circuit.
MULTI-LOOP CIRCUITS
AMMETERS AND
VOLTMETERS
Idea voltmeter has infinite resistance so Idea Ammeter has zero resistance and
it takes no current and connected in connected in series with the resistor
parallel with the resistor
POTENTIAL DIVIDER
The circuit in Figure 5.40a shows a potential divider. It can be used to investigate,
for example, the current–voltage characteristic of some device denoted by resistance
R. This complicated-looking circuit is simply equivalent to the circuit in Figure
5.40b. In this circuit, the resistance R1 is the resistance of the resistor XY from end
X to the slider S, and R2 is the resistance of the resistor from S to end Y. The current
that leaves the cell splits at point M. Part of the current goes from M to N, and the
rest goes into the device with resistance R. The right end of the resistance R can be
connected to a point S on the resistor XY.
EXAM QUESTION
The diagram shows a potential divider circuit used to measure the emf E of a cell
X. Both cells have negligible internal resistance.
AB is a wire of uniform cross-section and length 1.0 m. The resistance of wire AB is 80
Ω. When the length of AC is 0.35 m the current in cell X is zero.
a. State what is meant by the emf of a cell.
b.i. Show that the resistance of the wire AC is 28 Ω
b.ii. Determine E
MARK SCHEME

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TOPIC 5 ELECTRICITY

Potential difference Electric Field Electric current

Rtotal = 2.0 + 6.0 + 4.0 = 12 Ω

𝐼=𝐼 1+𝐼 2 +𝐼3

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