Name: Renzo Jan H. Amorado Date: August 30, 2022 Course-Year-Section: BSME-2-E

Name: Renzo Jan H.
Amorado Date: August 30, 2022

Course-Year-Section: BSME-2-E
l.Objective.
-The objective of the study is to Understand the Literatures about Resistance.
ll. Introduction.
- The resistance in an electrical circuit is a measurement of the resistance to current
flow. The ohm, or the Greek letter omega, stands for the unit of measurement for
resistance. The name of the unit of resistance is derived from Georg Simon Ohm
(1784-1854), a German physicist who studied the relationship between voltage,
current, and resistance. Ohm's Law, which bears his name, asserts that the current
flowing through a conductor is inversely proportional to the resistance and directly
proportional to the potential difference (voltage). Ohm's Law is expressed as V = IR,
where V= is the voltage, I= is the current, and R= is the resistance. If you know the
voltage of the battery in the circuit and how much resistance is in the circuit, you may
use Ohm's Law to identify the properties of a circuit, such as how much current is
flowing through it.RESISTIVITY: the resistance 𝑅 of a wire of length 𝐿 and cross-
sectional
area 𝐴 is
𝑅 = 𝜌 L/A
Where 𝜌 is a constant called resistivity and is a characteristic of the
material from which the wire is made.
For 𝐿 in 𝑚, 𝐴 in 𝑚2, and 𝑅 in Ω, the unit of 𝜌 is Ωm.
Using the formula:
𝑉=𝐴𝑥𝐿
then
𝑅 = 𝜌 V/A^2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅 = 𝜌 L^2/V
RESISTANCE VARIES WITH TEMPERATURE: If a wire has a resistance 𝑅𝑜
at a temperature 𝑇𝑜 then it’s 𝑅 at temperature 𝑇 is
𝑅 = 𝑅𝑜 + 𝛼𝑅𝑜(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑜)
Where 𝛼 is the temperature coefficient of resistance of the material of the
wire. Usually, 𝛼 varies with temperature and so this relation is applicable only
over a small temperature range. The units of 𝛼 are 𝐾−1 or ℃−1.
Series and Parallel

Alessandro Volta, full name Conte Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta,
was an Italian physicist who created the series and parallel circuits. He was born in
Como, Lombardy, Italy, on February 18, 1745, and died there on March 5, 1827. The
same voltage falls across each resistor when resistors are connected in series, and the
same current flows through each resistor when resistors are connected in parallel.
RESISTORS IN SERIES: Resistors are in series when current can only travel along
one path when it passes through two or more resistors connected in a straight line. To
put it another way, the two resistors are in series and the same current flows through
them when one and only one terminal of one resistor is connected directly to one and
only one terminal of another resistor. A node is a junction of three or more wires or
branches that conduct current. Between circuit components that are connected in
series, such as capacitors, resistors, and batteries, there are no nodes. A typical case is
seen in Figure (a) below. For several resistors in series, their equivalent resistance,
𝑅𝑒𝑞 is given by
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 + ⋯
Where 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3…, are the resistances of the several resistors.
In a series combination, the current through each resistance is the
same as that through all the others. The potential drop (p.d.) across the
combination is equal to the sum of the individual potential drops. The
equivalent resistance in series is always greater than the largest of the
individual resistances.
Ieq =I1= I2= I3+
Veq= V1 + V2+ V3+
Kirchhoff's law
A pair of principles governing the conservation of current and energy in electrical
circuits were created by German physicist Gustav Kirchhoff in 1845. Kirchhoff's
Current Law by Gustav Kirchhoff is one of the fundamental laws used in circuit
analysis. These two laws are called Kirchhoff's Voltage and Current Law. According
to his current theory, the total current entering a circuit junction is identical to the total
current exiting the same junction on a parallel line. This is because, since no charge is
lost, it has nowhere else to go. KIRCHHOFF’S NODE (OR JUNCTION) RULE /
KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW
(KCL)
The sum of all the currents coming into a point or node (i.e. a junction
where three or more current-carrying leads attach) must equal the sum of all currents
leaving the point.
KIRCHHOFF’S LOOP (OR CIRCUIT) RULE / KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW
(KVL)
Drawing a closed circuit reveals that the algebraic sum of the potential
changes are nil. Potential increases are positive and potential decreases are negative in
this total. Through a resistor, current constantly flows from high potential to low
potential. The potential shift as one passes through a resistor in the direction of the
current is negative since it represents a potential drop. Pure emf sources always have a
positive terminal that is high potential. regardless of the flow of current through the
emf source at the terminal. If each new loop equation involves a voltage change not
present in a prior equation, the set of equations obtained by applying Kirchhoff's loop
rule will be independent.
lll. Discussion
A. Definition
-Ohm's Law-a law in electricity: The strength of a direct current is inversely related to
the resistance of the circuit and directly proportional to the potential difference. a rule
of relationship between the resistance of the current's path, the electric current flowing
between two places, and the voltage differential between them. V is the voltage
differential, I is the current in amperes, and R is the resistance in ohms. According to
mathematics, these three variables equal V = IR. Higher resistance results in
decreased current flow for a given voltage.
Resistors in Series and Parallel-a series circuit, the output current of one resistor
feeds into the input of another, resulting in an equal current in all of the resistors. All
of the resistor leads on one side of the resistors are connected together in the parallel
circuit, as are all of the leads on the other.
Kirchhoff's Law-Physics states that the algebraic total of all currents in all branches
that meet at any point in an electric network is zero. The algebraic total of the
products obtained by multiplying each branch's resistance by its current corresponds
to the algebraic sum of the electromotive forces in all of the branches that make up the
circuit if any closed circuit is selected from among the branches of an electric
network. The sum of all currents exiting a node in any electrical network is always
equal to zero, according to Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL). It is based on the idea of
electric charge conservation. The rule is also known as Kirchhoff's first rule. In
formula form this is given by: n∑i=1Ii=0.
B. Factors that affect the resistance of a conductor

-All conductors exhibit some electrical current resistance. Resistance is the term for
this opposed to the current. The resistance of a conductor is influenced by a number of
elements;
 material, eg copper, has lower resistance than steel
 length - longer wires have greater resistance
 thickness - smaller diameter wires have greater resistance
 temperature - heating a wire increases its resistance
C. Resistivity of commonly used conductors

-The resistance provided by the substance per unit length for unit cross-section is
referred to as a conductor's resistivity. Temperature and pressure affect the
material's resistivity, which is a property. When compared to the resistivity of
insulators, conductors have a low resistivity. At 20° C (68° F), a hard-drawn copper
conductor, which is a very good electrical conductor, has a resistance of 1.77 10-8
ohm-metre, or 1.77 10-6 ohm-centimeter. Electrical insulators, on the other hand,
have resistivities that fall between 1012 and 1020 ohm-meters.
D.Resistance as a function of temperature

-The temperature coefficient of resistance is the resistance-change factor per degree
Celsius of temperature change. The Greek letter "alpha" (a), which is lowercase,
stands in for this element. Pure metals often have positive temperature coefficients
of resistance, which indicates that the resistance of the material increases as the
temperature rises. The resistance of a conductor rises with temperature because the
thermal velocity of the free electrons increases as the temperature rises. Certain
metal alloys can be used to provide coefficients that are close to zero. The number
of collisions between the free electrons increases as a result of this.
D. Conductance
-The unit of conductance, the siemens (S), is the reciprocal of resistance (1/R), and
it is denoted by the upside-down ohms symbol mho, or. As a result, a conductor has
1 ohm (1) of resistance when its conductance is 1 siemens (1S). Therefore, if the
resistance is doubled, the conductance is cut in half, and vice versa, as shown by
the equations siemens = 1/ohms and ohms = 1/siemens. While a conductor's
resistance indicates how much resistance it presents to the flow of electricity, a
conductor's conductance reveals how easily electricity may move through it.
Therefore, metals with very high conductance values, such as copper, aluminum, or
silver, are considered to be good conductors.
lV.Problem Solving
Ohm’s LAW
1. A steady current of 0.50 flows through a wire. How much charge
passes through the wire in one minute?
Given: I= 0.50 A; t=60s
Required: q
Solution:
Because I= q/t, and (Recall that: 1A= 1C/s)

We have, q=It=(0.50A)(60s)= 30C
2.A constant current of 4 charges a capacitor. How long will it take to

accumulate a total charge of 5 Coulombs on the plates?
Given: q= 5 C; I=4 A
Required: t
Solution:
Resistors in Series and Parallel

3 and 4.
E. Conclusion
-I can state that a connection is in series if electricity moves consistently from one
resistor to the next. Due to the equal current in series, the overall voltage is
calculated by averaging the individual voltages. However, when the connection is
parallel, the total current is the result of the addition of the individual currents
while the voltage remains constant. The total resistance of a series connection is
also obtained by combining their individual resistances. The sum of the reciprocals
of each resistance type makes up the reciprocal of the overall resistance.

Name: Renzo Jan H. Amorado Date: August 30, 2022 Course-Year-Section: BSME-2-E

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Name: Renzo Jan H. Amorado Date: August 30, 2022 Course-Year-Section: BSME-2-E

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Name: Renzo Jan H.

Amorado Date: August 30, 2022

Series and Parallel

B. Factors that affect the resistance of a conductor

C. Resistivity of commonly used conductors

D.Resistance as a function of temperature

Because I= q/t, and (Recall that: 1A= 1C/s)

2.A constant current of 4 charges a capacitor. How long will it take to

Resistors in Series and Parallel

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