Drilling & Measurements

Drilling Engineer 1
Drill Bits
1 SLC
1 SLC
Mar 2002
Mar 2002
 Major Drill Bit Types
Insert
PDC Fixed
Cutter

Tooth

Diamond
Roller & Impreg

Cone
2 SLC
Mar 2002
 Past Drill Bit Market
PDC
Penetration Rate

Tooth

Insert

Impreg
& N.D.

Formation Compressive Strength

3 SLC
Mar 2002
 Present Drill Bit Market
PDC
Penetration Rate

Tooth
Insert

Impreg
& N.D.

Formation Compressive Strength

4 SLC
Mar 2002
 Formation Failure Methods
F ROLLER CONE BIT:
COMPRESSION/CRUSHING

NATURAL DIAMOND BIT:

PLOUGHING/GRINDING

PDC BIT:
SHEARING
F
5 SLC
Mar 2002
 Roller Cone Bits
Design & Application

6 SLC
6 SLC
Mar 2002
Mar 2002
 Roller Cone Bits
Design & Application
• Drilling Mechanics

• Bearings & Seals

• Cutting Structure

• Hydraulics
7 SLC
7 SLC
Mar 2002
Mar 2002
Roller Cone
Bits

Drilling
Mechanics

8 SLC
Mar 2002
 Chip Formation
• Tooth load overcomes rock compressive strength,
generates crater
• Scraping helps to remove chips from craters.

Cutter

9 SLC
Formation
Mar 2002
 Chip Removal
• Removal of chips is required to
allow for new chip formation

• Hydraulics help to remove chips

Cutter

Formation
10 SLC
Mar 2002
WOB (Weight on Bit) Response

CHIP CREATION CHIP REMOVAL

ROP

0
11 SLC
0 WEIGHT on BIT
Mar 2002
 RPM Response

CHIP CREATION CHIP REMOVAL

ROP

0
12 SLC
0 RPM
Mar 2002
 Short Video

Roller Cone Bit Cutting Rock

13 SLC
Mar 2002
 Roller Cone
Bits

Bearings
and
Seals

14 SLC
Mar 2002
 Bearings
Roller Friction / Journal
(Rolling Contact) (Sliding Contact)

15 SLC
Mar 2002
 Roller Bearing Applications

• Non-Sealed
– Short Hours / Economic
– High Temperature

• Sealed
– High RPM / Low Weight
– Large Bit Diameter

16 SLC
16 SLC
Mar 2002
Mar 2002
 Journal Bearing Applications

• All Sealed

• Moderate Sliding Speed

– Low to Moderate RPM
– Small to Medium Bit Diameter

• High Weights

17 SLC
17 SLC
Mar 2002
Mar 2002
Bearing Performance Evaluation

Bearing Life is Difficult to Predict

The Primary Reason is

Variable Downhole Conditions

Bearing Failure Depends on Events

Customers Expect
18
Confident Prediction of Bearing Life
SLC
Mar 2002
 Bearing
Wear
Process
Fatigue Spalling

Rolling Contact
with Concentrated
Stresses

19 SLC
Mar 2002
 Bearing
Wear Adhesive Wear
Process

Uniform
Adhesive
Wear
Sliding Surfaces

Concentrated
Adhesive
Wear

20 SLC
Mar 2002
 Bearing
Wear Abrasive Wear
Process

Sliding Contact
with Contamination

21 SLC
Mar 2002
Bearing Failure – Potential Causes

• Excessive Hours
• Excessive RPM or WOB
• Uneven Loading
• Gauge Loading
• Inadequate Hydraulics
• Seal Failure

22 SLC
Mar 2002
 Bearing Life
Controlling
Factors
• Contact Stress
Magnitude
Concentration
• Sliding Speed
• Temperature
• Contamination

23 SLC
Mar 2002
 Journal Weight
Angle Depth
on Bit
Tooth
Offset Placement
Flow
• Contact Stress
Magnitude
Concentration
Formation • Sliding Speed
(Torque) • Temperature
Bearing Life • Contamination
Hole Condition

Sliding &
Rotating
BHA
Dynamics RPM
Abrasives
Bit
Cut. Str. Size
Condition Seal Wear
24 SLC
Mar 2002
 Journal
Angle
Weight
Weight Depth
on Bit
Tooth
on Bit
Offset Placement
Flow
• Contact Stress

Accumulated
Magnitude
Concentration
Formation
Formation • Sliding Speed
(Torque)
(Torque) • Temperature

Hole Condition Events

Bearing Life • Contamination

Sliding &
Sliding &
Rotating
Rotating BHA
BHA
Dynamics
Dynamics Abrasives RPM
RPM
Abrasives
Bit
Cut. Str.
Cut. Str. Seal Wear Size
Condition
Condition Seal Wear
25 SLC
Mar 2002
Bearing Life Estimation Process
• Gather Baseline Data
 Lithology
 Bit Records
 Dull Bits / Photos
 Operation Reports
 Drill Function Recordings
 Daily
 Directional
 Mud
 Personal Observations
• Identify and Cull Outliers
• Quantify Competitive Performance
 Measurement Method
 Numeric Target

26 SLC
• Demonstrate Expectations
Mar 2002
 Seals
All dynamic seals leak.

Elastomer Design
Constituents
•Shape
•Interface
•Material
•Hardness
•Lubricity
•Abrasion Resistance
•Reactivity
•Squeeze
27 SLC
Mar 2002
Seal Failure – Potential Causes
• Excessive Hours
• Excessive RPM or WOB
• Uneven Loading
• Gauge Loading
• High Temperatures
• Inadequate Hydraulics

28 SLC
Mar 2002
 Grease
• Special grease developed specifically for
use in Schlumberger’s Roller Cone bits

• Process in place to make sure that the

grease gets to all the bearing surfaces

• Research & Development is ongoing to

find a more durable grease that will
enhance the performance of our bits
29 SLC
Mar 2002
Roller Cone
Bits

Cutting
Structure

30 SLC
Mar 2002
 Journal Angle

31 SLC
Mar 2002
 Journal Angles
Hard Formation Bits Soft Formation Bits
36º 33º

•Thinner Cutter Shells •Thicker Cutter Shells

•Thicker Lug Sections •Thinner Lug Sections
•Less Gage Scraping •More Gage Scraping
•High WOB •Moderate WOB

32 SLC
Mar 2002
 Offset or Skew

33 SLC
Mar 2002
 Effects of Offset or Skew

Reduced Offset Increased Offset

– 0º – 5º
– Reduced Gage Scraping – Increased Gage Scraping
– More Durable – Less Durable
– Slower Drilling – Faster Drilling
– Hard / Abrasive Formations – Soft / Sticky Formations
34 SLC
Mar 2002
 Cone Profiles

Flat Cone Profile Round Cone Profile

– Minimum Bottom Scraping – Increased Bottom Scraping
– More Durable – Less Durable
– Slower Drilling – Faster Drilling
– Hard / Abrasive Formations – Soft / Sticky Formations
35 SLC
Mar 2002
 Insert Shapes By Formation

36 SLC
Mar 2002
 Carbide Grade By Formation

Soft Hard

37 SLC
Mar 2002
 8 1/2” Cutting Structure Comparisons
Soft Hard
EHP41H HP83 Abrasive
Soft
Low High
WOB WOB Non
Balling Balling

High
Low / Med. Strength
Strength
Med.. /High Low
Un- RPM RPM Consolidated
Consolidated
Faster Drilling Slower Drilling
38 SLC
Less Durable More Durable
Mar 2002
 Tooth & Insert Cutter Designs
Soft Formation Hard Formation
• Fewer Teeth • More Teeth
• Longer Teeth • Shorter Teeth
• Bigger Teeth • Smaller Teeth
• Sharper Teeth • Duller Teeth
• Round Profile • Flat Profile
• Fracture-Resistant • Wear-Resistant
Tooth Material Tooth Material

• Faster Drilling
• Less Durable • Slower Drilling
• More Durable
39 SLC
Mar 2002
Here Is The Formula For Selecting The
Correct Bit For Your Application.

Formula

40 SLC
Mar 2002
Here Is The Formula For Selecting The
Correct Bit For Your Application.

There is not one!

Don’t Be Fooled

41 SLC
Mar 2002
Here Is The Formula For Selecting The
Correct Bit For Your Application.

There is not a Formula!

But There is a Process...

Drill Bit selection is a complicated process where

accurate data is collected, analyzed, and then
expected performance is determined. Adjustments
are made based on real-time data. This is done by
evaluating dull bits as they come out of the hole.
42 SLC
Mar 2002
 Cutting Structure
Application Factors

•Formation Properties
­Compressive Strength
­Abrasiveness
ROP and Life ­Variability
depend on the ­Interbeds
application •Hydraulic Conditions
•BHA and Bit Vibration
•Directional Response
43 SLC
43 SLC
Mar 2002
Mar 2002
 High Compressive
Strength

• Heavy Set
• Durable Insert Shape
• Low Offset
• High Weight
• Low RPM
44 SLC
44 SLC
Mar 2002
Mar 2002
 Abrasiveness

• Wear-Resistant Insert Grade

• Diamond Inserts
• Low Offset
• Low RPM
• Gage Protection
­TuffGage
­GageGuard
­KPR Shirttail Inserts
45 SLC
45 SLC
­Stabilizer Pads
Mar 2002
Mar 2002
 Hydraulic
Re-activity
• Aggressive Design
­ ight Set
L
­ ong Teeth
L
­High Offset
­Round Profile
• Mudpick & Mudpick II
• Asymmetric Nozzles
• Center Jets (Tooth Bits)
• Mud Properties
46 SLC
46 SLC
• Weight and RPM
Mar 2002
Mar 2002
 Variable
Formations

• Bit to Survive Interval

• Adjust Weight & RPM

47 SLC
47 SLC
Mar 2002
Mar 2002
Directional SLIDING
MODE
• Side Forces
• BHA Friction
• Stick-Slip
•“Off-Center” Rotation
•Gyration
•Whirl
• Slow ROP ROTATING
MODE
• Gage Damage
• Forces
• Speeds
• Bearing Loads
• Cone Wear
48 SLC
48 SLC
Mar 2002
Mar 2002
 BHA
Vibrations

• Durable Gage
• Stabilizer Pads
• Alter RPM
• Pray
49 SLC
49 SLC
Mar 2002
Mar 2002
 Roller Cone
Bits

Hydraulic
Configurations

50 SLC
Mar 2002
 Conventional

Mudpick

Mudpick II
51 SLC
Mar 2002
 Bit Balling
• Cuttings adhere to cutter surface and to hole bottom.
• Reduces effective length of teeth.
• Occurs in many formations, not just gumbo shales.
• Balling reduces penetration rate.

52 SLC
Mar 2002
 Flow Visualization Chamber
• The flow visualization
chamber allows us to
visually study the fluid
flow from an actual bit.

• Drill Bits recently added

an hydraulics engineer
and a “Big Bit” flow
chamber to study up to
17 ½ in. diameter bits.
53 SLC
Mar 2002
 Hydraulic Configurations
• Directed Nozzles
• Mudpick / Mudpick II
• “Clean Sweep”

• Center Jet
• Extended / Mini-extended
• Blanks
• High-Flow Tubes
• Combinations
54 SLC
Mar 2002
Roller Cone
Bits

Other
Application
Information

55 SLC
Mar 2002
 Roller Cone Torque Response
• Typically there will be less torque generated
with a Roller Cone bit than with a fixed
cutter bit

• The Roller Cone bit body, the bit cones, and

the drill string are all rotating which reduces
torque

• Increased torque can be seen in Roller Cone

bits once 1) the seals and/or bearings start
to fail, or 2) there is cone interference
56 SLC
Mar 2002
 Roller Cone Bits And Motors
• Roller Cone bits can be run on Mud Motors
(MM) and Rotary Steerable Systems (RSS)
– For journal bearing bits, motor speeds of
less than 350 rpm are recommended
– For roller bearing bits, motor speeds of less
than 450 rpm are recommended

• Due to the bit life, Roller Cone bits will

generally be the limiting factor in ending a
motor run

• Effective life of Roller Cone bits run on motors

are a function of 1) RPM, 2) Weight, 3) Hours,
4) Hydraulics, 5) Lithology, and 6) Proper Bit
57
Selection.
SLC
Mar 2002
 Reaming With Roller Cone Bits
• Reaming causes abnormal wear on the cutting
structure and bearings of almost all Roller Cone
bits
– The gauge row inserts and the shirttail area
of the bit take the most abuse while reaming
– The bearings are unevenly loaded and often
experience uneven wear while reaming

• While reaming with a Roller Cone bit, light

weights (1,000-2,000 lbs.) should be used

• Normally a Roller Cone bit is selected for the

design that will best drill the formation and not
for it’s ability to ream
58 SLC
Mar 2002
 Roller Cone
Design &
Application

Questions ??
59 SLC
Mar 2002
 To Learn More About:
Schlumberger Drill Bits
• Log on to the Sugar Land Learning Center web site:
http://slc.sugar-land.anadrill.slb.com/
SLCNewImage/Sugar%20Land%20Learning%20Center%202001.htm

• Look on the left side under “SUPPORT INFORMATION”

• Click on “Self Learning Packages”
• Page down to “Directional Drilling & Drill Bits SLP’s”
• Click on “Drill Bits”
• Enjoy learning more about Drill Bits
60 SLC
Mar 2002