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    Physiological Response To Electrical Stimuli

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    Arathy
    Electrical currents have physiological effects on tissues through thermal, chemical, and physical responses. Thermally, currents cause molecular vibration and slight temperature increases. Chemically, currents produce compounds like sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid. Physically, currents can cause excitatory responses in nerves and muscles like contractions. Depolarization of membranes below the cathode and anode leads to action potentials. Non-excitatory effects occur on the cellular, tissue, segmental, and systemic levels and include changes in circulation and tissue regeneration.

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    Physiological Response To Electrical Stimuli

    Uploaded by

    Arathy
    38 views19 pages
    Electrical currents have physiological effects on tissues through thermal, chemical, and physical responses. Thermally, currents cause molecular vibration and slight temperature increases. Chemically, currents produce compounds like sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid. Physically, currents can cause excitatory responses in nerves and muscles like contractions. Depolarization of membranes below the cathode and anode leads to action potentials. Non-excitatory effects occur on the cellular, tissue, segmental, and systemic levels and include changes in circulation and tissue regeneration.

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    The physiological change that occur in body after applying electrical stimuli.

    Original Title

    PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO ELECTRICAL STIMULI

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    Electrical currents have physiological effects on tissues through thermal, chemical, and physical responses. Thermally, currents cause molecular vibration and slight temperature increases. Chemically, currents produce compounds like sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid. Physically, currents can cause excitatory responses in nerves and muscles like contractions. Depolarization of membranes below the cathode and anode leads to action potentials. Non-excitatory effects occur on the cellular, tissue, segmental, and systemic levels and include changes in circulation and tissue regeneration.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    38 views19 pages

    Physiological Response To Electrical Stimuli

    Uploaded by

    Arathy
    Electrical currents have physiological effects on tissues through thermal, chemical, and physical responses. Thermally, currents cause molecular vibration and slight temperature increases. Chemically, currents produce compounds like sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid. Physically, currents can cause excitatory responses in nerves and muscles like contractions. Depolarization of membranes below the cathode and anode leads to action potentials. Non-excitatory effects occur on the cellular, tissue, segmental, and systemic levels and include changes in circulation and tissue regeneration.

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    PHYSIOLOGICAL

    RESPONSE TO
    ELECTRICAL STIMULI
    PRESENTED BY
    ARATHY K.M
     Electricity has an effect on each cell and tissue that it passes
    through.
    Clinically, therapists use electrical currents for the following reasons;
    1. To create muscle contraction through nerve or muscle stimulations.
    2. To stimulate sensory nerves to help in treating pain.
    3. To create an electrical field in biologic tissues to stimulate or alter
    the healing process.
    THE PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES ARE:
     Thermal effect
     Physical effect
     Chemical effect
    Thermal effect

     The movement of an electrical current through a conductive medium produces


    vibration of molecules. This vibration produces friction that lead to an increase
    in temperature. Added this vibration to natural skin impedance lead to increase in
    temperature.
     The thermal effect are very minimal with most therapeutic current.
     Increase in thermal effect with strong polarising current lead to burn.
    Chemical effect

     Electrical current produces chemical compounds


     eg: potassium and sodium hydroxide with galvanic current
    Chemical reactions that occur under each electrode
     Cathode:
    positive Na+ sodium ions migrate to the negative pole and combine with water to form Nao
    sodium hydroxide Base = increased alkalinity, promotes liquification of protein and tissue
    softening
     Anode:
    negative chlorine (Cl-) ions migrate to the positive pole and combine with water to form
    hydrochloric acid (HCL) = increased acidity, promotes coagulation of protein, and hardening
    of tissues. Circulation improves as the body attempts to balance back to homeostasis and
    neutral pH level.
    Physical effect

    In clinical setting, the electrical current is typically used for physical


    effect.
     Excitatory response
     Non excitatory response
    Excitatory effect

     Patients perceive excitatory responses as electric sensation, muscle contraction,


    and electric pain. Physiologically, the nerves that affect these perceptions fire in
    that order as the stimulus intensity is increased gradually.
     This includes the effect of current on excitable tissue. Particularly the peripheral
    nerve fibers.
     Adequate stimulus is applied to tissue, the peripheral nerve is depolarized and
    action potential is elicited.
     This depolarization lead to the sensory and motor responses predictable for
    clinical uses.
    Muscle and nerve response to electrical
    current

     The major therapeutic uses of electricity center on muscle contraction, sensory


    stimulation, or both
     Nerves and muscles are both excitable tissues. This excitability is dependent on the cell
    membrane’s voltage sensitive permeability.
     The potential difference between the inside and outside is known as the resting potential.
    Action potential is defined as a series of electrical changes that occur in the
    membrane potential when the muscle or nerve is stimulated.
    Action potential occurs in two phases:
    1. Depolarization
     2. Repolarization.
     Depolarization
    Depolarization is the initial phase of action potential in which inside of the muscle becomes
    positive and outside becomes negative. That is, the polarized state
     Repolarization
    Repolarization is the phase of action potential in which the muscle reverses back to the
    resting membrane potential. The inside of muscle becomes negative and outside becomes
    positive. So, the polarized state of the muscle is re­established.
     As the charged ions move across the nerve fiber membranes beneath the anode
    and cathode, membrane depolarization occurs. The cathode usually is the site of
    depolarization. As the concentration of negatively charged ions increases, the
    membrane’s voltage potential becomes low and is brought toward its threshold
    for depolarization. The anode makes the nerve cell membrane potential more
    positive, increasing the threshold necessary for depolarization. The cathode in
    this example becomes the active electrode; the anode becomes the indifferent
    electrode (dispersive). The anode and cathode may switch active and indifferent
    roles.
    Non excitatory effect

     As electricity moves through the body's conductive medium, changes in physiologic


    functioning can occur at various levels of the total system.
    1. CELLULAR
    2. TISSUE
    3. SEGMENTAL
    4. SYSTEMATIC
    Cellular effect

     Change in cell membrane permeability


     Protein synthesis
     Stimulation of fibroblast, osteoblast
     Modification of micro circulation
    Tissue level

     Skeletal muscle contraction


     Smooth muscle contraction
     Tissue regeneration
    Segmental level

     Modification of joint mobility


     Muscle pumping action to change circulation and lymphatic activity

     Increase in lymphatic drainage .

     Transcutaneous electrical stimulation cannot directly stimulate lymph smooth muscle or


    the autonomic nervous system without also stimulating a motor nerve. It is possible that
    sensory stimulation may have indirectly activated the autonomic system. And the
    autonomic system may have released an adrenergic substance that would enhance the
    lymph smooth muscle contraction.
    Systemic level

     Analgesic effects as endogenous pain suppressors are released and act at different levels
    to control pain.

     Analgesic effects from the stimulation of certain neurotransmitters to control neural


    activity in the presence of pain stimuli.
    Thank you

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