Plant Cell

Organelles…```
Lecture 2
Plastids
• Plastids are characteristic components of plant

cells.
• Each plastid is bounded by an envelop consisting

of two membranes.
• Plastids may differentiate into several forms,

depending on the function they need to play in the
cell.
All PLASTIDS are derived from
Proplastid PROPLASTIDS
Etioplast
Chromoplast Chloroplast Leucoplast
Amyloplast Proteinoplast Elaioplast

(starch) (protein) (fat)
• Proplastids Small, colourless or pale green early
plastids that occur in dividing cells of roots and
shoots.
• Chloroplasts  The sites of photosynthesis.
• Chromoplast  A plastid containing pigments other

than chlorophyll, usually orange and yellow
carotenoid pigments.
• Leucoplast  A colourless plastid. They are usually
centers of starch formation (amyloplast).
• Mature plastids are classified on the basis of the kinds

of pigments they contain.
Chloroplasts
• Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and
other eukaryotic organisms that conduct
photosynthesis.
• Chloroplast is a circular, biconvex structure limited by a
double membrane
• Chloroplasts capture light energy to conserve free
energy in the form of ATP and reduce NADP to
NADPH through a complex set of processes called
photosynthesis
Chloroplasts…
• Within the inner membrane of the chloroplast is a

ground substance, stroma. Stroma contains proteins,
most of which are enzymes
• Within the stroma are interconnected piles of sac-like
discs, grana.
• Grana are interconnected at various levels by pairs of
membranes or single sacs known as stromal lamellae.
• The individual sac-like discs which
make up a granum are known as
thylakoids.
Chloroplasts…
• Chloroplasts are plastids which contain

chlorophyll.
• Chlorophyll is the green pigment which is
responsible for photosynthesis.
• Chlorophyll molecules are embedded between the
thylakoids.
Chromoplasts
• Chromoplasts are pigmented plastids.
• They lack chlorophyll but synthesize and store

carotenoid (orange carotene), yellow xanthophylls
and various other red pigments
• Chromoplasts are often responsible for the yellow,

orange, or red colours of many flowers, old leaves,
some fruits, and some roots.
Chromoplasts cont…
• Their colour varies depending on what
pigment they contain.
• Their main role is to attract insects and other

pollinating animals (e.g. birds)
Vesicles
• Vesicles are membrane enclosed sacs within
eukaryotic cells which store and transport
materials between the cell and the outside
environment.
• These include the following:
(i) Lysosomes (ii) Vacuoles
(iii) Transport Vesicles
(iv) Secretory Vesicles.
Vacuoles
• Vesicles from the ER and dictyosomes often fuse to form
larger sacs called vacuoles.
• A vacuole is a membrane-bound organelle which is
present in most eukaryotic cells.
• Vacuoles are essentially enclosed compartments which

are filled with fluid such as water or various enzymes,
though in certain cases they may contain solids which
have been engulfed.
• It is surrounded by a membrane called the tonoplast.

Vacuoles…
• Vacuoles store excess food, water, minerals, cellular

fluid, and other matter for future use.
• Vacuoles that are filled with water create pressure,

called turgor pressure, on the cell walls, which helps
maintain the shape of plant cells.
• Is involved in the breakdown of macromolecules and

recycling of their components within the cell
Lysosomes
• Membrane- bounded vesicles produced by the Golgi
apparatus
• Contain hydrolytic digestive enzymes which digest
organic molecules such a proteins, lipids,
polysaccharides and nucleic acids
• Lysosomes are involved in cellular digestion. Food can
be taken from outside the cell into food vacuoles by a
process called endocytosis.
• These food vacuoles fuse with lysosomes which break
down the components so that they can be used in the
cell. This form of cellular eating is called phagocytosis.
Lysosomes …..
• Lysosomes are also used to destroy defective or
damaged organelles in a process called autophagy.
• They fuse with the membrane of the damaged
organelle, digesting it.
• The cell also get killed in the process, hence
lysosomes are also called the “suicide bag “of the
cell
Microbodies
• Similar to lysosomes because they are vesicles
bounded by a single membrane
• They contain specific enzymes
• In this way they also function to compartmentalize

the cell
• There are 2 types namely: peroxysomes and

glyoxisomes
Peroxysomes
• Microbodies containing enzymes for
transferring hydrogen atoms to oxygen,
forming hydogen peroxide
• Hydrogen peroxide is a toxic molecule that is

immediately broken down to water by enzyme
catalase
• They help detoxify the alcohol

Glyoxisomes
• Have been observed in leaves that are carrying on
photosynthesis
• Contain enzymes that can metabolize some of the

molecules involved in photosynthetic process
• In germinating seeds they are believed to convert

oils into sugars used as nutrients by the growing
plant

Plant Cell

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Plant Cell

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Plant Cell

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Organelles…```

• Plastids are characteristic components of plant

• Each plastid is bounded by an envelop consisting

• Plastids may differentiate into several forms,

Chromoplast Chloroplast Leucoplast

Amyloplast Proteinoplast Elaioplast

• Chromoplast  A plastid containing pigments other

• Mature plastids are classified on the basis of the kinds

• Within the inner membrane of the chloroplast is a

• Chloroplasts are plastids which contain

• They lack chlorophyll but synthesize and store

• Chromoplasts are often responsible for the yellow,

• Their main role is to attract insects and other

• Vacuoles are essentially enclosed compartments which

• It is surrounded by a membrane called the tonoplast.

• Vacuoles store excess food, water, minerals, cellular

• Vacuoles that are filled with water create pressure,

• Is involved in the breakdown of macromolecules and

• They contain specific enzymes

• In this way they also function to compartmentalize

• There are 2 types namely: peroxysomes and

• Hydrogen peroxide is a toxic molecule that is

• They help detoxify the alcohol

• Contain enzymes that can metabolize some of the

• In germinating seeds they are believed to convert

You might also like