Next-

Generation
Wireless:
Investigating
6G
ADVANCEME
NT OF
MOBILE
COMMUNICA
TION
NETWORK
 01
1G Mobile
Networks
1G Mobile Networks

● The 1st generation of mobile networks

emerged in the 1980s, offering analogue
voice services with limited coverage. The
first 1G networks were AMPS in the US
and NMT in Europe. These networks had
limited capacity and were vulnerable to
interference and eavesdropping.
 02
2G Mobile
Networks
2G Mobile Networks

● The 2nd generation of mobile networks

emerged in the early 1990s, providing
digital services with enhanced voice
quality, higher capacity, and the capability
to send/receive text messages. GSM and
CDMA were the most widely used 2G
networks, introducing features such as
caller ID, call waiting, and conference
calls.
 03
3G Mobile
Networks
3G Mobile Networks

● The 3rd generation of mobile networks

arrived in the early 2000s, aiming to
provide higher data speeds, multimedia
services, and internet connectivity. 3G
networks introduced video calls, mobile
TV, and mobile internet services. The most
popular 3G networks were UMTS and
CDMA2000, providing data speeds of up
to 2 Mbps.
 04
4G Mobile
Networks
4G Mobile Networks

● The 4th generation of mobile networks

emerged in the late 2000s, providing
higher data speeds, lower latency, and
more reliable connectivity. 4G networks
delivered true broadband speeds, reaching
up to 100 Mbps. The most popular 4G
network was LTE, intended to provide
seamless connectivity for voice and data
services.
 05
5G Mobile
Networks
5G Mobile Networks
● The 5th generation of mobile networks
was introduced in the early 2020s, aiming
to provide ultra-high-speed connectivity,
lower latency, and the ability to connect
billions of devices simultaneously.
Advanced technologies such as
millimeter-wave frequencies, massive
MIMO, and network slicing are employed
in 5G networks to offer faster and more
reliable connectivity. This generation of
mobile networks is expected to support
new services like virtual and augmented
reality, autonomous vehicles, and smart
cities.
 06
6G Mobile
Networks
6G Mobile Networks
● The next step in the evolution of wireless
technology is the 6th generation (6G)
mobile communication networks, with
research and development already
underway, despite 5G networks still being
deployed globally. The objective of 6G
networks is to provide faster data speeds,
lower latency, and more dependable
connectivity than 5G networks, along with
supporting new applications and services
that require extremely high bandwidth and
low latency.
6G will contribute to fill the gap between beyond- 2020 societal and business
demands and what 5G (and its predecessors) can support
ARCHITECTU
RES OF 6G
NETWORK
 01
Integrated
terrestrial-
satellite
networks:
Integrated terrestrial-satellite
networks:
● The proposed architecture for 6G
networks is the integrated terrestrial-
satellite network that combines the
capacity and coverage of terrestrial
networks with the global reach and
resilience of satellite networks. This
architecture will require the integration of
different types of networks and new
technologies for seamless handover and
resource management.
 02
Cellular mesh
networks:
Cellular mesh networks:

● The proposed architecture for 6G

networks is cellular mesh networks that
use distributed nodes to provide coverage
and capacity, with each node functioning
as a relay to forward data packets. This
architecture requires the development of
new routing protocols and advanced
interference management techniques.
 03
Cloud-based
networks:
Cloud-based networks:

● The proposed architecture for 6G

networks is cloud-based networks that use
cloud computing to provide computing
and storage resources for network
functions. In this architecture, network
functions are virtualized and run on cloud
servers, allowing for flexible resource
allocation and on-demand scaling. The
implementation of this architecture will
require the development of new
virtualization technologies and advanced
orchestration and management techniques.
 04
AI-driven
networks:
AI-driven networks:

● Another proposed architecture for 6G

networks is AI-driven networks that use
artificial intelligence and machine learning
to optimize network performance and
resource allocation. In this architecture, AI
algorithms are used to predict network
traffic and optimize network resources,
enabling efficient use of network capacity.
This architecture will require the
development of new AI algorithms, as
well as the adoption of advanced data
analytics and network monitoring
techniques.
CHALLENGES
OF 6G:
 01
Enhanced
Conventional
Mobile
Communicatio
ns:
Enhanced Conventional Mobile
Communications:

● The development of 6G technology aims

to prioritize human-centric mobile
communications and traditional mobile
devices like cellular phones are expected
to continue to play a central role.
However, several challenges need to be
addressed, such as improving security and
privacy, expanding network coverage in
remote areas cost-effectively, reducing the
cost of mobile communications,
increasing mobile device battery life, and
achieving higher data rates with lower
end-to-end latency.
 02
Accurate
Indoor
Positioning:
Accurate Indoor Positioning:

● The use of GPS has revolutionized

outdoor positioning, but accurate indoor
positioning remains a challenge due to the
complex electromagnetic environment.
Reliable indoor positioning could bring
significant changes to mobile users'
lifestyles and create new economic
opportunities. However, relying solely on
RF communication may not be sufficient
for accurate indoor positioning, and more
advanced non-RF communication
technologies are expected to play a critical
role in realizing accurate indoor
positioning services in the 6G era.
 03
New
Communicatio
ns Terminals
New Communications Terminals

● new communication devices such as

wearable devices, integrated headsets, and
implantable sensors are expected to
become more prevalent in the 6G era.
These devices will pose unique
environmental and system requirements
for communication networks, including
strict limits on transmit power and
frequency band, lightweight design,
reliable power supply, and heightened
security measures. They may also require
different mathematical models than
traditional mobile devices due to their
distinct features and functions.
 04
High-Quality
Communicatio
n Services on
Board:
High-Quality Communication
Services on Board:
● Onboard communication services in
transportation vehicles are still inadequate,
due to factors such as high mobility,
frequent handovers, and limited coverage.
While satellite communications can offer
acceptable service quality, they are often
expensive. Therefore, 6G communication
will require new architectures and
advanced technologies to provide high-
quality onboard communication services.
 05
Worldwide
Connectivity and
Integrated
Networking:
Worldwide Connectivity and
Integrated Networking:

● The development of 6G technology is expected to

positively impact both densely populated and
remote areas through a proposed three-dimensional
integrated networking approach that includes
terrestrial, airborne, and satellite communication
technologies. Underwater optical wireless
communication is seen as a crucial element in
establishing high-speed data links, with underwater
networks linked to terrestrial networks through the
water surface and aerial networks. Ensuring a
sustainable energy source is critical for both
underwater and water surface networks to support
their operations effectively.
 06
Holographic
Communicatio
ns:
Holographic Communications:

● holographic communications are expected to

replace traditional video conferencing for
virtual in-person meetings. This requires the
accurate transmission of real-time movement
to simulate physical presence. Three-
dimensional video with stereo audio and the
ability to capture multiple physical presences
in the same space is necessary, with the ability
to edit the received video and interact with the
holographic data as needed. Reliable
communication networks with wide bandwidth
are required to record and transmit all of this
information.
 07
Tactile
Communicatio
ns:
Tactile Communications:

● The development of an efficient cross-layer

communication system design is critical for the
effective use of holographic communication in
various services such as teleoperation, cooperative
automated driving, and interpersonal
communication. This includes the use of new
PHY schemes to enhance signalling systems,
waveform multiplexing, buffering, queuing,
scheduling, handover, and protocols. In addition,
over-the-air fiber communication technologies
will be required since current wireless
communication methods are inadequate to meet
the standards required for efficient holographic
communication.
FEATURES OF
6G
 01
High Security:
High Security:

● Previous research in 4G and 5G communications has

primarily focused on improving network throughput,
reliability, latency, and serving a larger number of users.
However, issues related to security, secrecy, and privacy
have been largely overlooked during this time. In order to
safeguard data security, researchers are currently exploring
the use of PHY security technologies and quantum key
distribution through visible light communications (VLC).
However, with the growing computational power of
computers, these security measures are facing new
challenges. To achieve complete anonymization,
decentralization, and untraceability in 6G networks,
blockchain technology is being considered as a potential
solution.
 02
Superior
affordability:
Superior affordability:

● The development of 6G communication

technology should consider affordability as a key
factor, as previous advancements in network
performance have overlooked the potential cost
implications of proposed solutions. The focus on
improving network performance should not
increase costs or limit options for users, as users
have different priorities and preferences.
Affordability should be a key indicator in the
development of 6G communication technology,
ensuring users have access to affordable and
reliable communication services that meet their
diverse needs.
 03
Low
consumption of
energy and
extended
battery life:
Low consumption of energy and
extended battery life:

● The development of new device architectures and

circuit designs is essential to reduce the power
consumption of mobile devices in 6G
communications. Efficient modulation schemes,
dynamic power management, and the use of
advanced materials such as graphene can lead to
the development of more energy-efficient
devices. The success of 6G communications will
depend on the development of new energy-
efficient technologies that provide reliable and
affordable communication services while
reducing the environmental impact of wireless
networks.
 04
High
Intelligence:
High Intelligence

● 6G's high intelligence will benefit network

operations, wireless propagation environments,
and communication services through operational
intelligence, environmental intelligence, and
service intelligence, respectively.
○ Operational intelligence.
○ Environmental intelligence.
○ Service intelligence:
Applications Driving
the Development of 6G
and their Prerequisites
 01
Ultra-high-
definition
immersive
media
Ultra-high-definition immersive
media
● Applications like virtual and
augmented reality require extremely
high data rates and low latency.
 02
Smart cities and
autonomous
transportation
Smart cities and autonomous
transportation
● Autonomous vehicles, smart
buildings, and intelligent traffic
management.
 03
Precision
agriculture and
environmental
monitoring
Precision agriculture and
environmental monitoring
● 6G networks will enable the use of
advanced sensors and machine
learning algorithms to improve
agriculture and environmental
monitoring.
 04
Health and
wellness
monitoring
Health and wellness
monitoring
● 6G networks will enable real-time
monitoring of vital signs and
support the delivery of medical
services to remote or inaccessible
areas.
 05
Intelligent
factories and
Industry
Intelligent factories and
Industry
● 6G networks will provide the
connectivity required for the
automation monitoring and control
of manufacturing processes.
 06
Space-based
services
Space-based services
● 6G networks will provide the
connectivity required for space-based
services, as well as support for new
applications such as space exploration
and remote sensing.
Current Developments
and Measures of
Performance
 01
Ubiquitous
connectivity
Ubiquitous connectivity
6G networks will provide seamless
connectivity everywhere, including
indoors, outdoors, and in remote or
difficult-to-reach areas.
 02
Hyper-reliable
communicatio
n
Hyper-reliable
communication
6G networks will support hyper-
reliable communication with ultra-
low latency and high availability.
 03
Immersive
communication
Immersive
communication
● Applications like virtual and
augmented reality, holographic
communication, and telepresence
require immersive communication
with ultra-high data rates and ultra-low
latency.
 04
Intelligent
communication
Intelligent
communication
● 6G networks will support artificial
intelligence, machine learning, and
data analytics providing intelligent
connectivity with edge computing and
distributed intelligence.
 05
Sustainable
communicatio
n
Sustainable
communication
● 6G networks will be designed to be
environmentally sustainable, with
reduced power consumption, reduced
carbon footprint, and optimized
resource utilization through energy-
efficient technologies.
Fresh Service
Categories for
6G
 01
Tactile
Internet
Tactile Internet
The tactile internet is a new service class
that enables real-time haptic
communication between humans and
machines, as well as between machines. It
will enable applications such as remote
surgery, teleoperation of drones and robots,
and remote control of manufacturing
equipment.
 02
Internet of
Senses
Internet of Senses
● The internet of senses is a new service
class that enables immersive
communication through all human
senses, including touch, taste, smell,
and hearing. Applications of the
internet of senses could include virtual
reality experiences, sensory
augmentation for the visually or
hearing impaired, and sensory
communication for telepresence.
 03
Ambient
Intelligence
Ambient Intelligence
Ambient intelligence is a new service class
that enables the seamless integration of
intelligent devices and services into our
environment. Applications of ambient
intelligence could include smart homes,
smart cities, and smart factories.
 04
Massive
Machine-Type
Communicatio
n
Massive Machine-Type
Communication
Massive machine-type communication is a
new service class that enables the
connection of billions of low-power, low-
cost devices to the network. Applications of
massive machine-type communication
could include environmental monitoring,
smart agriculture, and industrial
automation.
 05
Mission-
Critical
Communicatio
n
Mission-Critical
Communication
6G networks will enable new service
classes that require unprecedented levels of
performance, reliability, and connectivity.
These new services will transform the way
we communicate and interact with our
environment, and will open up new
opportunities for innovation and growth in
a wide range of industries.
 Proposed
Guidelines for 6G
Technology
 01
Foster
collaboration
and
partnerships
Foster collaboration and
partnerships
● Given the complexity and interdisciplinary
nature of 6G networks, it is important to
foster collaboration and partnerships between
academia, industry, and government. This will
enable the sharing of knowledge, resources,
and expertise, and will accelerate the
development and deployment of 6G networks.
 02
Focus on user-
centric design
Focus on user-centric
design
● 6G networks should be designed with
the user in mind, with a focus on
meeting the evolving needs of society.
 03
Prioritize
sustainability
Prioritize sustainability
6G networks should be designed with
sustainability in mind, with a focus on reducing
energy consumption and minimizing
environmental impact. This will require the
development of energy-efficient network
architectures, as well as the use of renewable
energy sources and the adoption of sustainable
practices in network deployment and operation.
 04
Ensure
security and
privacy
Ensure security and
privacy
6G networks should be designed with
security and privacy in mind, with a focus
on providing robust and effective security
and privacy solutions. This will require the
adoption of advanced cryptographic
techniques, as well as the development of
secure and privacy-preserving network
architectures.
 05
Embrace open
standards and
interoperability
Embrace open standards and
interoperability
● 6G networks should be designed with open
standards and interoperability in mind, with a
focus on ensuring seamless connectivity and
compatibility across different networks and
devices. So, we can create a new generation
of networks that can meet the evolving needs
of society and transform the way we
communicate and interact with our
environment.
 Conclusion
In conclusion, the development of 6G technology holds great potential to
revolutionize mobile communication networks, offering higher data rates,
improved latency, and more reliable connectivity.

However, this technology also poses significant challenges, such as the

need for higher bandwidth and lower energy consumption, as well as
security concerns.

Overall, the prospects of 6G technology are promising, and its

development will undoubtedly shape the future of mobile communication
networks.
THANKS!

Nadia Abu Alrob

Maab Srour