CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Mobile technology is technology which is portable. A variety of tasks can be performed at

anytime and anywhere. It allows those tasks to be performed via cellular phone, vehicles, and

laptops. GPS route framework, a web browser, and instant messenger framework, a video

gaming framework. (Hashimoto, 2018). There are numerous transmissions medium like radio

wave, microwave, infra-red, GPS and Bluetooth is utilized to exchange of information by

means of voice, content, video, 2dimensional barcodes and the sky is the limit from there.

Technology is progressively its request in numerous organizations and individuals' close to

home utilize particularly versatile innovation.

Today the whole world is aware of the revolutionary changes in cell phone communication

field. Wireless communication has brought in the new innovation in this field. In the context of

present scenario, the 3G experienced better internet experience. Later on 3g has been

improvised. It has been felt the urgency to have a better communication networks then 5g has

come which can be a complete wireless communication without any hindrance and limitations.

It is completely advanced in terms of wireless communication. In 5G system each and every

cell phone will have a permanent home “IP address and care of address”. Now awaiting future

will experience 6G. In present time cell phones have everything and are compact, with high

memory and high speed with low power consumption. Today Bluetooth technology and other

technology are just like a child’s play. 6G wireless cell phone communication network shall

meet world class standard covering the whole world under its communication just like Global

covering system has been devised by some companies (Hashimoto, 2018). This individual

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system creates difficulty in space roaming. 7G mobile phone communication system is

developed to integrate these in a unit communication system.

There are three type of satellite network telecommunication satellite network, Navigation

satellite network and Earth imaging satellite. 6G technology increase performance and

maximize our data throughput (Alsharif and Kim 2017). This technology also provides more

security to our system and data, it also expands our data configuration options. In this

technology wireless broadband will use to connect device to internet. Data speed of 6G devices

will be 1GB or even more. 6G technology also consists of better security of wireless standard

and data transmission. 6G technologies will more than the expectation of the users. Because,

6G is satellite based network so roaming and handover from one satellite to another satellite

will be issue that will be solved soon.

6g technology refers to the sixth generation technology. It is proposed to integrate 5G

technology for a global coverage. For resource monitoring and weather information

multimedia video and high-speed Internet connectivity and the Earth imaging satellite

networks are used. To integrate these three kinds of satellite like telecommunication,

navigation, multimedia networks which provide global positions, internet connectivity with

high speed and for mobile user’s weather information services are

major three objectives for 6g technology.

 Enhance performance and boosts your data processing and IOPS

 Data security and protect your system

 Facilitate your service and develop efforts and expand your data centers configuration

choices.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

Overview of Telecommunication

Telecommunications offers a striking example of the rapidity of the electronics revolution. The

move from 1G to 4G took a full decade. The pace of new technologies is accelerating, meaning

that the time to 5G and 6G will be much shorter — it may be a little as three years until 6G is a

reality. Higher Speed, Lower Power, Smaller Packages — and Increasing Demands on System

Designers.

6G is anything beyond the, but a source said that any improvement that is 15X better than the

5G can be the 6G. Meanwhile, the Chinese minister of industry and technology believes 6G

should be able to transfer a massive volume of data with super-speed. While Minister Wei

Leping said 6G should provide free cell calls or distributed massive MIMO, dynamic use of

different, especially unlicensed up to 120 GHz.

According to Wei, should make the phone to connect to several cells instead of a single cell

that is already in place, with that; we can get much better performance that will improve the

lives of everyone. The 6G is believed to offer much more capacity to phones and make it

possible to connect several phones together within a network for sharing of files, information,

and with that, a Firm can run like a family by having all cell synchronized to a single system,

thereby increasing employees trust since privacy will be reduced within a firm. The feature will

make any message to go viral within a second and get everyone notified.

“Optimization is the keyword for the, the ability to offer something special possibilities into the

trending. The possibility of having 6G in place is an already concluded issue but the receiver

needs more antennas, therefore the 6G may first be installed in fixed wireless” 6G should have

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the ability to use different frequencies dynamically especially the unlicensed ones. According

to Henning

Schulzrine, the FCC Chief Technologist; “all new spectrum is going to be shared.

Imagine if when Verizon is running out of spectrum, they could instead use anything fallow at

sprint or AT & T. each carrier has different traffic patterns. There is usually excess but

currently, no way to put it to use. Share everything you learned in kindergarten. Today’s phone

can handle two dozen spectrum bands, even if true software defined radio is not down to

consumer prices.” In other words, Verizon & Qualcomm have shown that it will and that the

LAA is part of the 3GPP standard. However, a source said that 5G in 3GPP releases 15GHz up

to 54GHz and is working at 60GHz. Some radio run at 70GHz up to 90GHz but they are too

expensive for consumers. Some are running test beyond 100GHz with excellent results even

though some of the are unlicensed.

BANDWIDTH ALLOCATION SCHEMES

(Jain, et al., 2018) depicted a traffic load and interference based bandwidth allocation

technique for 802.16 mesh networks. This enriches the delay and throughput performance of

the network by employing the assigned bandwidth. In the proposed technique, an efficient

route was established with the least delay and load, which was considered in bandwidth

allocation. The traffic load was considered in the interfering neighbors as the metric of traffic

interference. A combined routing metric was defined for efficient route selection using the

metric traffic interferences and end-to-end service delay. The suitable path was chosen based

on the least routing metric value.

(Esmailpour, et al., 2017) suggested a novel methodology for packet scheduling and bandwidth

allocation in WiMAX networks. This solution efficiently improved the resource utilization and

4
provides QoS support to all traffic classes defined by the standard. It also dynamically changed

the bandwidth allocation based on the traffic characteristics and service needs. The proposed

solution provided a QoS support for all classes of service in a mesh net. (Hwang, et al., 2017)

suggested a novel adaptive downlink bandwidth allocation method for traffic profiles. The

Scalable Video Coding (SVC) layers and adaptive resource adjustment schemes were

introduced based on the traffic throughput. It achieved higher resource utilization and

encountered the required quality of service (QoS) for each traffic type. Mobile users accessed

the network resource by the WiMAX BS and the users made new calls, hand off calls, and

moving calls.

(Feroz, et al., 2017) suggested an adaptive mechanism to improve the efficiency of bandwidth

allocation. This method allocated a partial amount of bandwidth of transport layer data flow

and utilized a slow start phase. This approach upholds a count of packets linked with the

transport layer data.

(Nasser, et al., 2017) discussed an optimized bandwidth allocation in WiMAX Networks.

Distribution of radio resources in fourth generation network requires sophisticated Radio

Resource Management (RRM) techniques to ensure a sustainable level of QoS.

Energy-Effifficent Communication

6G will meet and fulfil many expectations, including the delivery of a high-energy

performance, most especially from the perspective of pervasive utilization of the Internet-of-

Things (IoTs) and with an eco-system of many minute sensors. Furthermore, extending the

battery-recharge capacity of smartphones must be addressed, in line with the notion that their

capabilities and abilities to deal with sophisticated multimedia signal processing leap in

quantum rises as their power consumption increases (Alsharif et al, 2017). Thus, low energy

5
utilization and elongated battery charge life duration are two research topics in 6G to overcome

the daily re-charging difficulties for most communication equipment and enhance

communication needs. Accordingly, 6G must evoke a comprehensive energyefficient wireless

communication strategy. A fundamental goal of 6G communication is to perform whenever and

wherever possible with battery-free communications, aiming at 1pico-Joules per bit

communication efficiency (Strinati et al, 2019). 6G communication has the advantages of high-

power THz-waves, apart from directional beam communication with MIMO antenna arrays,

thereby enabling devices to send power beams in a certain direction. This technique can

potentially supply sufficient energy to devices under the network coverage. The 6G vision and

directions, as published in (David, K.; Berndt, H, 2018), indicate that research attention should

prioritize battery lifetime and service classes in 6G rather than data rate and latency. To reduce

energy utilization, the computing functions of user nodes must be transferred to smart base

stations equipped with a dependable power supply or universal smart radio space (van Huynh,

et al., 2019). Cooperative relay communications and network densification can also have

utmost importance in a bid to reduce the transmitting power of mobile nodes by reducing the

per-hop signal propagation gap (Qi, N. et al, Su, L. et al., 2016). Achieving long battery

longevity in 6G requires an accumulation of divergent energy-harvesting strategies which not

only harvest energy from ambient RF signals but also extract energy from micro-vibrations and

sunlight (Luo, Y. et al., 2019). Long-range wireless power charging would also be a promising

candidate to prolong battery longevity. In addition, distributed laser charging is a technology

that may be capable of safely providing 2-W power and reach a distance of 10 m for mobile

devices. Table 1 presents a comparison of the major wireless charging techniques (i.e.,

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inductive coupling, magnetic resonance coupling, microwave radiation, and distributed laser

charging).

2.3COMPARISON BETWEEN 1G AND 6G

Features 1G 6G

Year 1970-1984 After 5G onwards

Speed 2kbps 10 to 11Gbps

Technology Analog cellular 5G +satellite

Standards Mobile telephony GPS, COMPASS,

GLONASS, Galiloe system

Core Network PSTN Internet

Handoff Horizontal Horizontal and vertical

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COMPARISON BETWEEN 2G AND 6G

Features 2/2.5G 6G

Year 1980-1999 After 5G onwards

Speed 14-64kbps 10 to 11Gbps

Technology Digital cellular 5G + satellite

Standards Digital voice, short GPS, COMPASS,

messaging GLONASS, Galiloe system

Core Network PSTN Internet

Handoff Horizontal Horizontal and vertical

Features 3G 6G

Speed 2Mbps 10 to 11Gbps

Technology Broadband/CDMA? IP 5G +satellite

Technology

Standards Integrated high video, audio and data

GPS, COMPASS,

GLONASS, Galiloe system

Core Network Packet network Internet

Handoff Horizontal Horizontal and vertical

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COMPARISON BETWEEN 3G AND 6G

Features 4G 6G

Year 2000-2010 After 5G onwards

Speed 20 Mbps 10 to 11Gbps

Technology Unified IP & seamless 5G +satellite

combo of
LAN/WAN/WLAN/
PAN
Standards Dynamic GPS,
information COMPASS,
access, variable devices GLONASS, Galiloe
system
Core Network Internet Internet

Handoff Horizontal & vertical Horizontal and vertical

COMPARISON BETWEEN 4G AND 6G

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COMPARISON BETWEEN 5G AND 6G

Features 5G 6G
Year 2015 After 5G onwards

Speed 1Gbps and higher 10 to 11Gbps

Technology 4G+WWW 5G +satellite
Standards WiMAX LAS GPS,
CDMA, OFMD, COMPASS,
MC-CDMA, UWB, GLONASS, Galileo
network- system
LMDS,Ipv6
Core Network Internet Internet
Handoff Horizontal & Horizontal and
vertical vertical

WIRELESS NETWORKS

6G is proposed to integrate 5G with satellite networks for global coverage. 6g technology is

considered to be cheap and Fast Internet Technology. It provides high data rates and fast

Internet speed to access on air through wireless and mobile devices with data ranges up-to 11

G-bps when travelling far distances. The goal of 6g technology is to provide multimedia,

internet connectivity and weather information services to the mobile users. Nano Antennas

which is designed is implemented at different geographical locations like along roadsides,

villages, malls, airports, hospitals to broadcast high speed electromagnetic signals. The globe is

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decorated by fly sensors with the help of 6G technology. They will provide information to their

remote observer station. The point to point wireless communication networks transmit super-

fast broad band signals through the air at high speed optical fibers lines to transmit the secured

information from transmitters to destinations.

ADVANTAGES OF 6G MOBILE TECHNOLOGY

i. Ultrafast to access internet

ii. Automation and other related applications

iii. smart homes, cities and villages

iv. Space technology and defense applications will be modified with 6G network

v. Satellite to satellite communication for development of mankind

vi. Sea to space communication

DISADVANTAGES OF 6G MOBILE TECHNOLOGY

i. High cost

ii. Research

iii. Infrastructure

iv. Security issues

v. Technology is still under process and research on its viability is going on.

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 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

Wireless networks use radio waves or microwaves to maintain communication channels

between computers and other network devices. Wireless networks permit the mobility of the

user. The physical size of the network is firmed by the maximum reliable propagation range of

the radio signals. These are self-organizing networks without any centralized control and use

intensive physical and data link layer. WiMAX stands for Worldwide Interoperability for

Microwave Access and also known as the IEEE 802.16 wireless Metropolitan Area Network

(MAN). It supplies the internet throughout the globe and connects the “last mile” of broadband

wireless connectivity services. This technology has a target range up to 31 miles and a target

data transfer rate exceeding 100 Mbps. The WiMAX technology is based on an All-IP platform

(All packet technology) with no legacy circuit telephony. The WiMAX architecture has the

following requirements;  The structural design is based on a packet-switched framework,

which  includes the basic procedures of IEEE 802.16.

• The framework allows the decoupling of access architecture and  supported

technologies from connectivity IP service.

• The layout permits modularity and flexibility to accommodate a broad

range of deployment options.

Interworking and Roaming is another key strength of the End-to-End network architecture with

support for a number of deployment scenarios. The network module consists of Subscriber

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Station (SS), Base Station (BS) and Relay Station (RS). It is fully compatible with IEEE

802.16e standard by integrating relay technology. It also offers real time video multicast

services such as live video streaming, online gaming and mobile IPTV. It affords broadband

access to remote places and has the ability to provide services in area with very poor

infrastructure deployment. An important element in a WiMAX network is a Relay Station (RS)

that is employed as an extension to BS. RS communicates with the macro BS through a

wireless channel and operates without additional carrier frequency. In a WiMAX network,

declaring that the application demands are satisfied requires the following interdependent

functionalities.

• Rate or congestion control: control the rates at which the different traffic sources

sharing the network inject traffic

• Resource allocation: allot resources to various connections such that the minimum rate

requirements of each connection are satisfied

• Admission control: assure that the newly admitted connections do not violate the

minimum rate requirements of existing flows.

THE DRIVING FORCE BEHIND 6G MOBILE TECHNOLOGY.

One key factor is the continuing evolution of the integrated circuit (IC) toward higher speeds

and lower power consumption, providing the ability to make products of all kinds smaller and

more powerful. Today, ICs are the brains of a wide range of consumer products, from personal

computers and smart phones to entertainment devices, automobiles and home appliances. They

are at the core of industrial products such as industrial machinery and equipment, medical

devices, renewable energy equipment, oil and gas exploration systems, digital homes,

networking components, process control equipment, aircraft, and construction equipment. At

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the system level, designers are being asked to pack more and more capability into devices and

electronic systems with ever-decreasing dimensions. The designers of the today’s smart phones

have to introduce new products that are lighter and thinner and more frequently than before, on

an annual basis. At the same time, the telecommunications equipment industry must continue

to make faster and faster networking devices to accommodate the increasing traffic caused by

these next generation smart devices. In such an environment, every design decision, from the

choice of components to the location of ports and switches, affects every aspect of the product.

Taken together, these trends create challenges for designers in a number of areas: Signal

integrity (SI) and electromagnetic interference: Signals are closer together in chips, on printed

circuit boards (PCBs), inside product enclosures and in cables. Therefore, it is more likely that

electromagnetic fields from one signal could interfere with and distort an adjacent signal,

resulting in product failure. Thermal performance: Higher current densities in chips, PCBs and

cables can create hot spots, influencing signal timing and potentially leading to component

failures. In some cases, a component fails because the temperature exceeds the limit of the

materials. But even temperatures below the threshold can produce failures due to electro

migration. The Race to 6G - Faster Networks and Devices Promise a World of New

Possibilities.

HOW TERAHERTZ 6G WIRELESS WILL BE ACCOMPLISHED

Spatial multiplexing will be an important part of the researchers' development thrust. That’s

where separate data signals are sent out in streams, the bandwidth gets efficiently reused

continually. MIMO antennas, now in common use in Wi-Fi and in trials for 5G, for example,

also will be used. That’s a way to maximize antennas, taking advantage of multipath. Again, it

adds efficiency. Overall, terahertz should need less power and have more capacity. Problems,

14
though, will be encountered. Obstructions become more of an issue the higher up the spectrum,

wavelengths are physically smaller.

APPLICATION OF 6G MOBILE TECHNOLOGY

6G network systems will support 1Tbps with the help of sub-1THZ spectrum and also will

concentrate on correlating the "trillions" of things, instead of the "billions" of smartphone

devices. Latency will also be enhanced by making use of AI (Artificial Intelligence) to discover

the high-grade method to transfer data info from the device to the terminal station and within

the channels.

It is also prognosticated that businesses outside the mobile industry will perform an extremely

exceptional role in standardization, implying it can be customized to their requirements.

Key Features of 6G:

1. Terahertz Communication: Utilizing the THz frequency spectrum will significantly

increase data transfer rates and expand the capacity of wireless networks (Chaccour et

al., 2021). This will enable faster and more reliable communication.

2. AI and ML Integration: AI and ML will be deeply embedded in 6G networks,

allowing for intelligent and autonomous management of network resources, predictive

maintenance, and enhanced user experiences (Mumtaz et al., 2019).

3. Ultra-Low Latency: 6G will reduce latency to microsecond levels, making real-time

applications such as augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and holographic

communication more practical and immersive (Zhang et al., 2019).

4. Enhanced Connectivity: 6G will support massive machine-type communications

(mMTC), connecting billions of devices simultaneously. This will drive the growth of

the IoT and smart environments (Giordani et al., 2020).

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5. Sustainability and Energy Efficiency: 6G will prioritize energy efficiency, utilizing

green technologies to reduce the environmental impact of wireless networks (Yang et

al., 2021).

6. Security and Privacy: With the increasing complexity of networks, 6G will

incorporate advanced encryption and quantum-resistant technologies to ensure robust

security and privacy (Yan et al., 2020).

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 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 CONCLUSION

During the worldwide deployment of 5G networks, industrial and academia synergy have

commenced to conceptualize the next generation of wireless communication systems (6G) to

address the coming challenges of the drastic increase in wireless data track. 6G technology

allows bitrates of up to Tbps with a latency less than 1 ms, apart from introducing a group of

new services.

Challenges and Considerations:

 Technical Challenges: Developing the infrastructure to support terahertz

communication, managing network complexity, and ensuring global interoperability are

significant challenges (Chen et al., 2021).

 Regulatory and Standardization Issues: Harmonizing global standards for 6G and

addressing regulatory concerns around spectrum allocation and security will be crucial

(Sattar et al., 2020).

 Ethical and Societal Impacts: The widespread deployment of 6G technologies will

raise ethical questions around privacy, data ownership, and the digital divide (Khan et

al., 2020).

The Road Ahead:

17
 Current Research and Development: Leading tech companies, research institutions,

and governments are already investing in 6G research, with early trials and prototypes

being developed (Rappaport et al., 2019).

 Timeline for Deployment: While 6G is expected to be commercially available by

2030, incremental advancements and standardizations will occur throughout the 2020s

(Saad et al., 2019).

 Global Collaboration: The successful deployment of 6G will require collaboration

between governments, industry stakeholders, and academia to address the technical,

regulatory, and ethical challenges (Giordani et al., 2020).

18
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