TOPIC: 5G Network Architecture

A High-Level Perspective

COURSE TITLE: CIT 403

BY

NKANU NKANU OKPA

(Matric No: NOU201019049)

 Abstract

5G is the 5th generation mobile network. 5G is the recent technological innovation of cellular

technology.  It is a new global wireless standard after 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G networks. 5G enables

a new kind of network that is designed to connect virtually everyone and everything together

including machines, objects, and devices.

5G wireless technology is meant to deliver higher multi-Gbps peak data speeds, ultra-low

latency, more reliability, massive network capacity, increased availability, and a more uniform

user experience to more users. Higher performance and improved efficiency empower new user

experiences and connects new industries.

5G is designed to deliver peak data rates up to 20 Gbps based on IMT-2020 requirements.

But 5G is about more than just how fast it is. In addition to higher peak data rates, 5G is designed

to provide much more network capacity by expanding into new spectrum, such as mmWave.

5G can also deliver much lower latency for a more immediate response and can provide an

overall more uniform user experience so that the data rates stay consistently high—even when

users are moving around. And the new 5G new radio (NR) mobile network is backed up by a

Gigabit LTE coverage foundation, which can provide ubiquitous Gigabit-class connectivity.

5G technologies will change the way most high bandwidth users access their phones. With 5G

pushed over a VOIP-enabled device, people will experience a level of call volume and data

transmission never experienced before.5G technology is offering the services in Product

Engineering, Documentation, supporting electronic transactions (e-Payments, e-transactions) etc.

As the customer becomes more and more aware of the mobile phone technology, he or she will

look for a decent package all together, including all the advanced features a cellular phone can
have. Hence the search for new technology is always the main motive of the leading cell phone

giants to out innovate their competitors. Recently apple has produced shivers all around the

electronic world by launching its new handset, the I-phone. Features that are getting embedded in

such a small piece of electronics are huge.

 1.0 INTRODUCTION

Mobile and wireless networks have made tremendous growth in the last fifteen years. Nowadays

many mobile phones have also a WLAN adapter. One may suppose that near soon many mobile

phones will have WiMAX adapter too, besides their 3G, 2G, WLAN, Bluetooth etc. adapters.

Using IP for both, 2.5G or 3G Public Land Mobile Networks (PLMN) on one side and WLAN

on the other, raised research on their integration. Regarding the 4G, its focus is towards seamless

integration of cellular networks such as GSM and 3G. Multimode user terminals are seen as must

have for 4G, but different security mechanisms and different QoS support in different wireless

technologies remain a challenge. However, integration among different wireless networks (e.g

PLMN and WLAN) is functioning in practice even today. But, different wireless networks from

a single terminal are used exclusively, that is, there is no combining of different wireless access

technologies for a same session (e.g., FTP download). The proposed Open Wireless Architecture

(OWA) in is targeted to provide open baseband processing modules with open interface

parameters to support different existing as well as future wireless communication standards. The

OWA is targeted to MAC/PHY layers of future (4G) mobile terminals. The referenced work

above provides a ground for definition of a concept for beyond 4G mobile networks, referred in

this paper as 5G mobile networks. In the proposed concept the mobile user is on the top of all.

The 5G terminals will have software defined radios and modulation scheme as well as new error-

control schemes can be downloaded from the Internet on the run. The development is seen

towards the user terminals as a focus of the5G mobile networks. The terminals will have access

to different wireless technologies at the same time and the terminal should be able to combine

different flows from different technologies. Each network will be responsible for handling user-

mobility, while the terminal will requirements and are approved as 3G standards by ITU, these
are typically not branded 3G, and are based on completely different technologies. 4G, which is

also known as “beyond 3G” or “fourth generation” cell phone technology, refers to the entirely

new evolution. Developers are now going for 4G, which will provide internet up to the speed of

1 GBPS! It is said to be able to overcome the problems of weak network strength and should

provide a much wider network, making sure that the users get high-speed connectivity anytime

anywhere. No doubt, 4G will open new doors of revolutionary internet technologies, but for now,

3G and 3.5G are the best. 4G will allow for speeds of up to 100Mbps. 4G promises voice, data

and high-quality multimedia in real-time form all the time and anywhere.
 2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Communications of Millimetre Waves

The high frequency order or collaboration gives us more orders. The frequency of 5G can used

around 10 GHz to 30 GHz or can use more than this as well. Every country provides the different

order for frequency. In the millimetre waves actually, we define or represent the communication

between the two devices with their frequency that on what frequency rate that can communicate.

So, there will be different – different rate we will have for communication. Some time it has 10

GHz. Sometime it can have more than this. So, it depends about the devices, their network and

may be on their smart phones. Because if considered two different technologies like 4g and 5G

then it matters. (Somayya Madakam et al, 2015).

Source: Google image

.
2.2 A Cloud-Native 5G Architecture is Key to Enabling Diversified Service

Requirements

Through persistent effort and determination Telecom operators are implementing a digital

transformation to create a better digital world. To provide enterprises and individuals with a real

time, on demand, all online, DIY, social (ROADS) experience requires an endto-end (E2E)

coordinated architecture featuring agile, automatic, and intelligent operation during each phase.

The comprehensive cloud adaptation of networks, operation systems, and services is a

prerequisite for this much anticipated digital transformation. The "All Cloud" strategy is an

illuminated exploration into hardware resource pools, ᵒ Provides logically independent network

slicing on a single network infrastructure to meet diversified service

requirements and provides DC-based cloud architecture to support

various application scenarios.

ᵒ Uses CloudRAN to reconstruct radio access networks (RAN) to provide

massive connections of multiple standards and implement on-demand

deployment of RAN functions required by 5G.

ᵒ Simplifies core network architecture to implement on demand

configuration of network functions through control and user plane

separation, component-based functions, and unified database

management.

ᵒ Implements automatic network slicing service generation, maintenance,

and termination for various services to reduce operating expenses

through agile network O&M.

2.3 5G Will Enrich the Telecommunication Ecosystem

In the new exciting era of 5G, new communication requirements pose challenges on existing

networks in terms of technologies and business models. The next-generation mobile network

must meet diversified demands. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has

classified 5G mobile network services into three categories: Enhanced Mobile Broadband

(eMBB), Ultra-reliable and Low-latency Communications (uRLLC), and Massive Machine Type

Communications (mMTC). eMBB aims to meet the people's demand for an increasingly digital

lifestyle, and focuses on services that have high requirements for bandwidth, such as high

definition (HD) videos, virtual reality (VR), and augmented reality (AR). uRLLC aims to meet

expectations for the demanding digital industry and focuses on latency-sensitive services, such as

assisted and automated driving, and remote management. mMTC aims to meet demands for a

further developed digital society and focuses on services that include high requirements for

connection density, such as smart city and smart agriculture. The expansion of service scope for

mobile networks enriches the telecom network ecosystem. A number of traditional industries,

such as automotive, healthcare, energy, and municipal systems participate in the construction of

this ecosystem. 5G is the beginning of the promotion of digitalization from personal

entertainment to society interconnection. Digitalization creates tremendous opportunities for the

mobile communication industry but poses strict challenges towards mobile communication

technologies.

.
Source: Google image

3.0 Application and Limitations

3.1 Applications

1. The Driving Force Behind Network Architecture Transformation

The existing mobile network architecture was designed to meet

requirements for voice and conventional MBB services. However, this

previous organization has proven to be insufficiently flexible to support

diversified 5G services due to multiple 3GPP version upgrades, a large

number of NEs, complex interfaces. The driving force behind the network

architecture transformation includes the following aspects:

 Complex networks incorporating multiple services, standards, and site types 5G networks

must be able to provide diversified services of different KPIs, support co-existent

accesses of multiple standards (5G, LTE, and Wi-Fi), and coordinate different site types

(macro, micro, and pico base stations). The design challenge to create a network

architecture capable of supporting such flexibility whilst meeting differentiated access

demands is a brave endeavor to satisfy.

 Coordination of multi-connectivity technologies 5G is expected to co-exist with LTE and

Wi-Fi for an extended period of time incorporating multi-connectivity technologies and

the new 5G air interface. Multi-connectivity technologies must be coordinated based on

traffic and mobility requirements of user equipment to provide sufficient transmission

throughput and mobile continuity.

  On-demand deployment of service anchors 5G network architecture will be designed

based on access sites and three-layer DCs. According to different service requirements,

fiber/optic cable availability and network resource allocations, RAN real time and non-

real time resources can be deployed on the site or on the access cloud side. This further

requires that the service gateway location may also be deployed on the access cloud or on

the core network side.

 Flexible orchestration of network functions Service requirements vary with different

network functions. eMBB requires a large throughput for scheduling. uRLLC requires

ultra-low latency and high reliability. Networks must flexibly orchestrate network

capabilities considering service characteristics, which significantly simplify network

functions and increase network efficiency.

 Shorter period of service deployment Various services have expanded the mobile

network ecosystem and increased network deployment complexity. Rapidly deploying

new services requires an improved set of lifecycle management processes involving

network design, service deployment, and O&M. (Janise McNair et al., 2004).

2. The Service-Driven 5G Architecture

The service-driven 5G network architecture aims to flexibly and efficiently meet diversified

mobile service requirements. With software-defined networking (SDN) and Network Functions

Virtualization (NFV) supporting the underlying physical infrastructure, 5G comprehensively

cloudifies access, transport, and core networks. Cloud adoption allows for better support for

diversified 5G services, and enables the key technologies of E2E network slicing, on-demand

deployment of service anchors, and component-based network functions.

CloudRAN consists of sites and mobile cloud engines. This facility coordinates multiple

services, operating on different standards, in various site types for RAN real time resources that

require a number of computing resources. Multi-connectivity is introduced to allow on-demand

network deployment for RAN non-real time resources. Networks implement policy control using

dynamic policy, semi-static user, and static network data stored in the unified database on the

core network side. Component-based control planes and programmable user planes allow for

network function orchestration to ensure that networks can select corresponding control-plane or

user-plane functions according to different service requirements. The transport network consists

of SDN controllers and underlying forwarding nodes. SDN controllers generate a series of

specific data forwarding paths based on network topology and service requirements. The

enabling plane abstracts and analyzes network capabilities to implement network optimization or

open network capabilities in the form of API. The top layer of the network architecture

implements E2E automatic slicing and network resource management. (Willie W. et al., 2008).

End-to-End Network Slicing for Multiple Industries Based on One Physical Infrastructure
E2E network slicing is a foundation to support diversified 5G services and is key to 5G network

architecture evolution. Based on NFV and SDN, physical infrastructure of the future network

architecture consists of sites and three-layer DCs. Sites support multiple modes (such as 5G,

LTE, and Wi-Fi) in the form of macro, micro, and pico base stations to implement the RAN real

time function. These functions have high requirements for computing capability and real time

performance and require the inclusion of specific dedicated hardware. Threelayer cloud DC

consists of computing and storage resources. The bottom layer is the central office DC, which is

closest in relative proximity to the base station side. The second layer is the local DC, and the

upper layer is the regional DC, with each layer of arranged DCs connected through transport

networks. According to diversified service requirements, networks generate corresponding

network topologies and a series of network function sets (network slices) for each corresponding

service type using NFV on a unified physical infrastructure. Each network slice is derived from a

unified physical network infrastructure, which greatly reduces subsequent operators' network

construction costs. Network slices feature a logical arrangement and are separated as individual

structures, which allows for heavily customizable service functions and independent O&M. ( Toni

Janevski et al., 2005).

 As illustrated in the preceding figure, eMBB, uRLLC, and

mMTC are independently supported on a single physical

infrastructure. eMBB slicing has high requirements for

bandwidth to deploy cache in the mobile cloud engine of a local

DC, which provides high-speed services located in close

proximity to users, reducing bandwidth requirements of

backbone networks. uRLLC slicing has strict latency

requirements in application scenarios of self-driving, assistant driving, and remote management.

RAN real Time and non-Real Time processing function units must be deployed on the site side

providing Reconstructing the RAN with Cloud During the course of an evolution towards

RAN2020, CloudRAN architecture is used on the RAN side to implement RAN Real Time

functions, on-demand deployment of nonreal time resources, component-based functions,

flexible coordination, and RAN slicing. With Mobile Cloud Engine (MCE), CloudRAN can

implement flexible orchestration for RAN Real time and non-real Time functions based on

different service requirements and transmission resource configuration to perform cloudification

of the RAN. a beneficial location preferably based in close proximity to users. V2X Server and

service gateways must be deployed in the mobile cloud engine of the central office DC, with

only control-plane functions deployed in the local and regional DCs. mMTC slicing involves a

small amount of network data interaction and a low frequency of signaling interaction in most

MTC scenarios. This consequently allows the mobile cloud engine to be deployed in the local

DC, and other additional functions and application servers can be deployed in the regional DC,

which releases central office resources and reduces operating expenses. (J.Wu et al., 2008).
Reconstructing the Radio Acess Network (RAN) with Cloud

During the course of an evolution towards RAN2020, CloudRAN architecture is used on the

RAN side to implement RAN Real Time functions, on-demand deployment of nonreal time

resources, component-based functions, flexible coordination, and RAN slicing. With Mobile

Cloud Engine (MCE), CloudRAN can implement flexible orchestration for RAN Real time and

non-real Time functions based on different service requirements and transmission resource

configuration to perform cloudification of the RAN.

The RAN real time functions include access network scheduling, link adaptation, power control,

interference coordination, retransmission, modulation, and coding. These functions require high

real-time performance and computing load. The deployment of sites must include dedicated

hardware with high accelerator processing specifications and performance, whilst located in

close proximity to services. The RAN non-real time functions include intercell handover, cell

selection and reselection, user-plane encryption, and multiple connection convergence. These

functions require minimal real-time performance, latency requirements to dozens of milliseconds

and are suitable for centralized deployment. A universal processor can be deployed in a MCE or

site according to vast service requirements. MCE can implement complex management while

coordinating multiple processing capabilities based on regional time, frequency bands, and

space. This upgraded management system allows CloudRAN to support 4G, 4.5G, 5G, and Wi-

Fi, and implement coordination and scheduling of macro, micro, and pico site types. Network

functions are deployed on radio, backbone, or core convergence nodes to maximize both network

efficiency and additional capabilities.

Source: Google image

1. Multi-Connectivity Is Key to High Speed and Reliability:

Multi-connectivity is gaining a reputation as an underlying fundamental construct for the

deployment of the future network architecture. CloudRAN can be seamlessly deployed in a

unified network architecture. This is a huge leap in radio network deployment. In current

fragmented networks, increasing speed and reducing latency can improve user experience.

Reliable high-speed data cannot depend on a single frequency band or standard connections. In

heterogeneous networks, multiconnectivity helps provide an optimal user experience based on

LTE and 5G capabilities, such as high bandwidth and rates of high frequency, network coverage

and reliable mobility of low frequency, and accessible Wi-Fi resources. In scenarios that require

high bandwidth or continuity, a user requires multiple concurrent connections. For example, data

aggregation from multiple subscriptions to 5G, LTE, and Wi-Fi is required to produce high

bandwidth. An LTE network access is required to maintain continuity after a user has accessed a

5G high-frequency small cell. In scenarios that source multiple technologies, C l o u d R A N

serves as an anchor for data connection which noticeably reduces alternative transmission. In the

traditional architecture integrating base stations as an anchor for data connection, LTE, 5G, and

Wi-Fi data is aggregated into a non-real time processing module of a specific standard to be

forwarded to each access point. In the CloudRAN architecture, non-real time processing function

modules in access points of different modes are integrated into the MCE, which serves as an

anchor for data connection. Data flows are transmitted to each access point over the MCE, which

prevents alternative transmission and reduces transmission investment by 15%, and latency by

10 ms. (Marcos D. et al., 2006).

2. Mobile Cloud Engine (MCE)

MCE is the logical entity of central control and management for CloudRAN, incorporating RAN

non-real time functions, Wi-Fi AC, distributed gateway, service-related application distribution

entity (App), and Cache. RAN non-real time functions include a general control plane (cRRC) to

facilitate multi-connectivity and new technology deployment, and a centralized resource

management module (cRRM) to ensure the efficient coordination of resources in heterogeneous

networks. Cloud-based SON (cSON) is introduced to improve network capacity, coverage, and

transmission resources to encompass vast extended areas and ensure the successful

implementation of slicing management.

3.2 Limitations of 5G

1. Control and User Plane Separation Simplifies the Core Network

Existing network gateways integrate parts of both user plane and control plane functions. In the

5G era, many services with high requirements for latency require gateways to be relocated by a

downward shift towards the local or central office DCs. This requires that the number of gateway

nodes must increase by a factor of 20 to 30 times the original amount. If operators still opt to use

the existing gateway architecture, complex gateway service configuration will significantly

increase CAPEX and OPEX. In addition, if the control plane has subscribed reports of location

and RAT information, a large amount of signaling will be generated between the site, distributed

gateway, and network control plane. A large number of distributed gateways will result in heavy

interface link load and handover signaling load on centralized control plane NEs (K.R.Santhi et

al., 2006).
Gateway control and user plane separation divides complex control logic functions for

convergence into control planes, which reduces the costs of distributed gateway deployment,

interface load, and number of alternative signaling routes. In addition, the control plane and user

plane separation supports scaling of the forwarding and control planes, which further improves

network architecture flexibility, facilitates centralized control logic functions, and ensures easy

network slicing for diversified industry applications. This segregation technique also decouples

the forwarding plane from the control plane, which prevents frequent forwarding plane upgrades

caused by control plane evolution. Two tasks must be completed to implement control and user

plane separation. First, an implementation of lightweight functions to divide complex control

logic functions. Second, the construction of models for the reserved core functions with the

definition of a generalized template model complete with object-oriented interface for the

forwarding plane to ensure that the forwarding plane is both programmable and scalable. After

the control and user planes are successfully separated, interfaces providing the associative link

connections operate through the enhanced GTP protocol. Based on subscriber access types and

subscription data, the control plane initiates an orchestration for service objects and atomic

actions, and sends the request to the forwarding plane over the enhanced GTP interface. The
forwarding plane then responds with a service-based event notification confirming receipt which

is directed back to the control plane.

2. Unified Database Management

Rapid fault recovery is required for network

data status information (such as user data and

policy data shared across data centers), to meet

network reliability requirements after the

virtualization of functions. The traditional

disaster recovery mechanism based on N+1 backup relies on private signaling interaction to

implement CP Nodes CP Nodes User Data Policy data Big Data Analytics IP network Da CP

Nodes ta Center Data Center Micro-DC Subscriber/policy Data Context/network Data DB DB

DB DB status information synchronization, which produces system inefficiency and complex

interaction of cross-vendor products. With separated data and control logic, network status

information can be centralized in a unified database. All network functions can access metadata

models through standard interfaces and locally store dynamic user data. Thanks to the distributed

database synchronization, network status information can implement real-time backup between

data centers. With the help of the service management framework, the unified database

simplifies the procedure for network information retrieval functions introduced by the

component-based control plane to reduce the required signaling overhead for data

synchronization.
3. Self-Service Agile Operation

One of the targets and driving forces of network architecture evolution is to provide diversified

services using mobile networks. E2E network slicing is a fundamental technology to achieve this

target. In the 5G era, a network will contain multiple logically separated network slices. Each

slice has a specific network topology, network function, and resource allocation model. If

manual configuration is still used for network planning and deployment, operators' O&M system

will potentially face a huge number of significant challenges. 5G networks will possess self-

serving agile operation capabilities. Network slicing services can be automatically generated,

maintained, or terminated according to services requirements, which significantly reduces

subsequent operating expenses. Third-party vertical industries can input mobile network slicing
requirements on an operation platform. The operator analyzes customer requirements based on

current network status. After a service level agreement procedure is complete, the operator maps

various service requirements on network requirements, and selects multiple network function

components to generate a network slice. According to service features and deployment of data

centers, the operator determines logical network function deployment nodes and defines a

connection relationship, namely software-defined topology (SDT). After the network slicing

topology is defined, an E2E protocol is defined, namely, softwaredefined protocol (SDP).

According to service requirements, network resources are allocated for logical connections in the

logical topology, namely software-defined resource allocation (SDRA). SDT, SDP, and SDRA

constitute a list of key functions required for Service Oriented Network Auto Creation

(SONAC).
Conclusion: Cloud-Native Architecture is the Foundation of 5G Innovation

In existing networks, operators have gradually used SDN and NFV to implement ICT network

hardware virtualization, but retain a conventional operational model and software architecture.

5G networks require continuous innovation through cloud adoption to customize network

functions and enable on-demand network definition and implementation and automatic O&M.

Physical networks are constructed based on DCs to pool hardware resources (including part of

RAN and core network devices), which maximizes resource utilization. In addition, E2E network

slicing provides logically separated virtualized network slices for diversified services, which

significantly simplifies network construction for dedicated services. CloudRAN is built based on

MCE. Multi-connectivity helps aggregate access capabilities of multiple RATs, frequency bands,

and site types to maximize network efficiency. Flexible deployment of network functions helps

customize networks for various differentiated services. CloudRAN allows operators to address

challenges and proof themselves against potential prospective uncertainties. Based on the control
and user plane separation, 5G core networks using component-based control planes,

programmable user planes, and unified database will simplify signaling interaction and allow for

the deployment of distributed gateways. Customized network functions can allow operators to

generate increasingly flexible additional network slices to better serve subscribers needs.

SONAC implements 5G automation using SDT, SDP, and SDRA to ensure automatic

implementation of service deployment, resource scheduling, and fault recovery based strictly on

a detailed and thorough network data analysis.

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