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    Speciation. Discuss

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    Beverly Anne Garan
    1. Speciation is the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise. A species is defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. 2. New species originate through reproductive isolation, which prevents interbreeding between populations. Reproductive isolation can occur before or after reproduction through mechanisms like geographic barriers, ecological differences, behavioral changes, morphological incompatibilities, or genetic incompatibilities between populations. 3. There are three main modes of speciation: allopatric speciation due to geographic isolation, sympatric speciation within the same area, and rare parapatric speciation along a contact zone between populations with differences in habitat. Over time, reproductive isolation leads populations to diver

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    Speciation. Discuss

    Uploaded by

    Beverly Anne Garan
    9 views37 pages
    1. Speciation is the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise. A species is defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. 2. New species originate through reproductive isolation, which prevents interbreeding between populations. Reproductive isolation can occur before or after reproduction through mechanisms like geographic barriers, ecological differences, behavioral changes, morphological incompatibilities, or genetic incompatibilities between populations. 3. There are three main modes of speciation: allopatric speciation due to geographic isolation, sympatric speciation within the same area, and rare parapatric speciation along a contact zone between populations with differences in habitat. Over time, reproductive isolation leads populations to diver

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    1. Speciation is the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise. A species is defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. 2. New species originate through reproductive isolation, which prevents interbreeding between populations. Reproductive isolation can occur before or after reproduction through mechanisms like geographic barriers, ecological differences, behavioral changes, morphological incompatibilities, or genetic incompatibilities between populations. 3. There are three main modes of speciation: allopatric speciation due to geographic isolation, sympatric speciation within the same area, and rare parapatric speciation along a contact zone between populations with differences in habitat. Over time, reproductive isolation leads populations to diver

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    9 views37 pages

    Speciation. Discuss

    Uploaded by

    Beverly Anne Garan
    1. Speciation is the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise. A species is defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. 2. New species originate through reproductive isolation, which prevents interbreeding between populations. Reproductive isolation can occur before or after reproduction through mechanisms like geographic barriers, ecological differences, behavioral changes, morphological incompatibilities, or genetic incompatibilities between populations. 3. There are three main modes of speciation: allopatric speciation due to geographic isolation, sympatric speciation within the same area, and rare parapatric speciation along a contact zone between populations with differences in habitat. Over time, reproductive isolation leads populations to diver

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 37

    Mom, Dad…

    There’s something
    you need to know…
    I’m a MAMMAL!

    WHAT IS SPECIATION?
    AP Biology
    So…what is a species?
     defined by Ernst Mayr (Evolutionary Biologist)
     A population whose members can interbreed & produce
    viable, fertile offspring
     Being reproductively compatible is a key component

    Distinct species:
    songs & behaviors are different
    enough to prevent interbreeding

    Eastern Meadowlark Western Meadowlark


    Sturnella neglecta
    AP Biology Sturnella magna
    How and why do new species originate?
    New species are formed by a series of
    evolutionary processes which cause
    reproductive isolation.
     Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms
     Pre-zygotic barriers are various forms of
    isolation
     Post-zygotic barriers are generally related to

    fertility & viability of offspring

    AP Biology
    PRE-Reproduction (pre-zygotic) Barriers
     This means there is an obstacle to mating
    or to fertilization if mating occurs

    geographic isolation ecological isolation temporal isolation

    AP Biology
    behavioral isolation mechanical isolation gametic isolation
    Ammospermophilus spp

    1. Geographic isolation
     New species occur in different areas
     physical barrier separated ancestor species

    Harris’s antelope
    squirrel inhabits the
    canyon’s south rim
    (L). Just a few miles
    away on the north
    rim (R) lives the
    closely related white-
    tailed antelope
    AP Biology
    squirrel
    2. Ecological isolation
     Species occur in same region, but occupy
    different habitats so they rarely encounter
    each other
    2 species of garter snake, Thamnophis,
    occur in same area, but one lives in water &
    other is terrestrial

    lions & tigers could


    hybridize, but they
    live in different
    habitats:
     lions in grasslands
    AP Biology
     tigers in rainforest
    3. Temporal “time” isolation
     Species that breed during different times of
    day, different seasons, or different years
    cannot mix gametes.

    Eastern spotted skunk (L) &


    Western spotted skunk (R)
    overlap in range but eastern
    mates in late winter &
    western mates in late
    AP Biology
    summer
    4. Behavioral isolation
     Unique behavioral patterns & rituals isolate species
     identifies members of species
     attract mates of same species That’s hot…
     courtship rituals, mating calls

    Blue footed boobies mate


    only after a courtship display
    AP Biology unique to their species
    AP Biology
    Recognizing your
    own species
    courtship songs of
    species of lacewings
    (that live in the same area)

    courtship display of
    Gray-Crowned Cranes, Kenya

    firefly
    AP Biology courtship displays
    5. Mechanical isolation
     Morphological differences can prevent
    successful mating
    Plants
    Even in closely related
    species of plants, the
    flowers often have distinct
    appearances that attract
    different pollinators.
    These 2 species of monkey
    flower differ greatly in
    shape & color, therefore
    cross-pollination does not
    happen.
    AP Biology
    Mechanical isolation Animals
     For many insects, male & female sex organs
    of closely related species do not fit together,
    preventing sperm transfer
     lack of “fit” between sexual organs:
    hard to imagine for us… but a big issue for insects with
    different shaped genitals!
    Get that thing
    away from me!

    Damsel fly penises


    AP Biology
    6. Gametic isolation
     Sperm of one species may not be able to
    fertilize eggs of another species
     biochemical barrier: sperm cannot penetrate egg
     receptor recognition: lock & key between egg & sperm
     chemical incompatibility
     sperm cannot survive in female reproductive tract

    Sea urchins release sperm


    & eggs into surrounding
    waters where they fuse &
    form zygotes.
    Gametes of different
    species are unable to fuse.
    AP Biology
    POST-Reproduction (Post-Zygotic) Barriers
     Prevent hybrid offspring from
    developing into a viable, fertile adult

    AP Biology
    Post Zygotic: Reduced hybrid viability
     Genes of different parent species may
    interact & impair the hybrid’s development

    Species of salamander
    genus, Ensatina, may
    interbreed, but most
    hybrids do not complete
    development & those
    that do are frail.
    AP Biology
    Post Zygotic: Reduced hybrid fertility
     Even if hybrids are vigorous they may be sterile
     chromosomes of parents may differ in number or
    structure & meiosis in hybrids may fail to produce
    normal gametes

    Mules are vigorous,


    but sterile

    Horses have 64 Donkeys have 62


    chromosomes chromosomes
    (32 pairs)
    AP Biology Mules have 63 chromosomes! (31 pairs)
    Post Zygotic: Hybrid breakdown
     Hybrids may be fertile & viable in first
    generation, but when they mate offspring
    are feeble or sterile

    In strains of cultivated rice,


    hybrids are vigorous but
    plants in next generation are
    small & sterile.
    AP Biology
    AP Biology
    AP Biology
    AP Biology
    AP Biology
    Two snake types share an over-
    wintering burrow and eat the
    same diet, but mate at different
    optimal temperatures.

    AP Biology
    Two sparrows share similar diet,
    winter in different places, but
    share mating and breeding
    grounds with one singing from the
    tops of trees and one from small
    bushes

    AP Biology
    Two turtles share a pond and
    general diet, but the female of
    one has a tall shell and the other
    a flat shell; the female of the first
    has a hallow in its lower shell, the
    male has a flat lower shell.

    AP Biology
    Two fireflies share the same diet,
    mate at the same time throughout
    the year, but create various
    patterns of flashes to attract their
    mate.

    AP Biology
    Modes of Speciation: Allopatric Speciation
     A physical barrier arises and prevents gene
    flow between populations
     Reproductive isolating mechanisms evolve in
    the genetically diverging populations
     Speciation occurs when the members of the
    divergent populations no longer interbreed

    AP Biology
    Modes of Speciation: Sympatric Speciation
     A new species may form within the home
    range of an existing species
    (there is no physical barrier)
     May be:
     Temporal
     Mechanical

    Behavioral

    AP Biology
    Parapatric speciation
     It is extremely rare. It occurs when
    populations are separated not by a
    geographical barrier, such as a body of
    water, but by an extreme change in
    habitat. While populations in these
    areas may interbreed, they often
    develop distinct characteristics and
    lifestyles.

    AP Biology
    Modes of Speciation: Parapatric Speciation
    HYBRID ZONE
    Daughter species form a
    small proportion of
    individuals along a BULLOCK’S
    ORIOLE
    BALTIMORE

    common border between ORIOLE

    2 populations.
    Hybrid Zone is formed

    AP Biology Figure 18.10


    The two types of plants are close enough that
    tolerant and non-tolerant individuals could potentially
    fertilize each other—so they seem to meet the first
    requirement of parapatric speciation, that of a
    continuous population. However, the two types of
    plants have evolved different flowering times. This
    change could be the first step in cutting off gene flow
    entirely between the two groups

    AP Biology
    AP Biology
    Convergent vs Divergent
    Evolution

    AP Biology
    AP Biology
    AP Biology
    1 5 8

    2 6 9

    3 10
    7

    CONVERGENT VS DIVERGENT EVOLUTION

    AP Biology
    CONVERGENT VS DIVERGENT EVOLUTION

    AP Biology
    AP Biology

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