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    Isolating Mechanisms-2

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    Rupali Gurav
    Geographical barriers such as continental drift and separation prevented gene exchange between New Zealand and other landmasses, allowing New Zealand's species to evolve in isolation without mammalian predators or grazers. Ecological barriers like different habitats and reproductive barriers including prezygotic mechanisms like differing breeding times and postzygotic mechanisms like hybrid sterility contribute to isolating populations and enabling speciation to occur. Polyploidy, where offspring belong to a new species in one generation, is an important form of sympatric speciation that does not require geographical isolation.

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    Isolating Mechanisms-2

    Uploaded by

    Rupali Gurav
    71 views20 pages
    Geographical barriers such as continental drift and separation prevented gene exchange between New Zealand and other landmasses, allowing New Zealand's species to evolve in isolation without mammalian predators or grazers. Ecological barriers like different habitats and reproductive barriers including prezygotic mechanisms like differing breeding times and postzygotic mechanisms like hybrid sterility contribute to isolating populations and enabling speciation to occur. Polyploidy, where offspring belong to a new species in one generation, is an important form of sympatric speciation that does not require geographical isolation.

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    Geographical barriers such as continental drift and separation prevented gene exchange between New Zealand and other landmasses, allowing New Zealand's species to evolve in isolation without mammalian predators or grazers. Ecological barriers like different habitats and reproductive barriers including prezygotic mechanisms like differing breeding times and postzygotic mechanisms like hybrid sterility contribute to isolating populations and enabling speciation to occur. Polyploidy, where offspring belong to a new species in one generation, is an important form of sympatric speciation that does not require geographical isolation.

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    71 views20 pages

    Isolating Mechanisms-2

    Uploaded by

    Rupali Gurav
    Geographical barriers such as continental drift and separation prevented gene exchange between New Zealand and other landmasses, allowing New Zealand's species to evolve in isolation without mammalian predators or grazers. Ecological barriers like different habitats and reproductive barriers including prezygotic mechanisms like differing breeding times and postzygotic mechanisms like hybrid sterility contribute to isolating populations and enabling speciation to occur. Polyploidy, where offspring belong to a new species in one generation, is an important form of sympatric speciation that does not require geographical isolation.

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    of 20

    NAME:RUKSAR A.

    SIDDIQI
    TOPIC NAME:ISOLATIING
    MECHANISM
    SUBJECT:ZOOLOGY
    CLASS:S.Y.BSC
    Geographical Barriers

    Shifts in the continental plates


    NZ separated from the
    supercontinent Gondwanaland
    at a very early stage before the
    evolution of mammals.
    Our birds, reptiles, insects and
    plants evolved without the
    pressure of grazing, browsing or
    predator mammals.
    Geographical Barriers

    As a result they did not evolve


    protective adaptations to
    counter the attacks of
    mammals later introduced by
    settlers.
    The separation from
    Gondwanaland prevented
    gene exchange between NZ
    and the vast continent.
    Geographical Barriers

    The only native NZ mammal is


    a bat thought to have blown
    over to NZ from Australia.
    Barriers include
    water oceans, rivers changing
    course.
    Desserts and canyons.
    Mountain ranges.
    Ecological Barriers

    Populations may have


    developed genetic differences
    to cope with different
    ecological niches or habitats.
    E.g. different temperatures.
    Reproductive Barriers

    Under natural conditions,


    sympatric populations of
    different species are
    prevented from mating by
    isolating mechanisms. These
    can be divided into 2
    categories:
    Prezygotic
    Postzygotic
    Reproductive Barriers

    Premating / Prezygotic
    These take effect before
    fertilisation.
    Habitat Differences the 2
    species may never meet, e.g.
    one living on the top of a tree
    and the other on the ground.
    One may be nocturnal and the
    other diurnal.
    Reproductive Barriers

    Differences in Breeding Times


    the species may be sexually
    receptive at different times of
    the year.
    Mechanical Differences e.g.
    the genitalia of different insect
    species will not fit together so
    breeding is prevented. Some
    plants have flowers that can
    only be pollinated by certain
    insects.
    Reproductive Barriers

    Behaviour Patterns there are


    many examples of courtship
    behaviour which takes place in
    a stepwise ritual, only members
    of the same species have the
    behaviour patterns to complete
    the ritual.
    e.g. in birds, the songs and
    displays will seem wrong to a
    different species.
    Postmating Isolation

    Postzygotic Isolation
    These isolations prevent
    successful reproduction after
    fertilisation.
    Hybrid Inviability a zygote is
    formed but does not develop
    properly.
    Hybrid sterility a hybrid
    forms but it is sterile
    Postmating Isolation

    Hybrid Breakdown the hybrid


    offspring are fertile but produce
    many infertile or non-viable
    offspring.
    Polyploidy

    This is the abrupt formation of


    a new species. It is an
    important sympatric speciation
    as it does not involve
    geographical isolation.
    In one generation the parent
    and the offspring can belong
    to a different species.
    More common in plants.
    Isolation by Time

    A species that disappeared


    one million years ago
    obviously can not interbreed
    with a species living today.
    Although individuals living close together
    within each species can interbreed, as
    distance increases, fertility decreases,
    indicating increasing genetic divergence as
    the habitat and climate change. These frogs
    are now considered to be four different
    species: 1) Rana pipiens, 2) R. blairi, 3) R.
    utricularia, and 4) R. berlandieri. The mating
    calls of each species differ, and defective
    embryos occur between certain
    combinations, indicating that both pre-mating
    and post-mating isolating mechanisms exist.
    THANK
    YOU

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