Spesiasi Notes

TYPES OF SPECIATION
Tuesday
January 2nd
CURRENTLY THERE ARE 8.7 MILLION
SPECIES OF “EUKARYOTES”
-80% ARE STILL UNDISCOVERED
How did we end up with so many
species around the world?
What is speciation?
• in Darwin’s words, speciation is the “multiplication of
species”.
Speciation - the origin of new species from pre-existing
species.
WHAT IS SPECIATION?
Speciation:
The formation of new
and distinct species in
the course of evolution
Modes of speciation: summary
Allopatric peripatric parapatric sympatric
Original population
Initial step of speciation

Barrier New New Genetic
formation niche niche polymorphism
Evolution of reproductive
isolation
In isolation In isolation In adjacent Within the
niche population
TYPES OF SPECIATION
Allopatric Speciation
• Definition: new species
evolves as a result of
geographic isolation
TYPES OF SPECIATION
Sympatric Speciation
• Definition: new species
evolves from single ancestor
while living in same
geographic niche (organism’s
“place” in ecosystem)
TYPES OF SPECIATION
Parapatric Speciation
• Definition: new species evolves
as a result of partial
geographic isolation as a result
of occupying a new/different
niche
WHAT TYPE OF SPECIATION IS THIS?
When Arizona's Grand Canyon formed, squirrels
and other small mammals that had once been part
of a single population could no longer contact and
reproduce with each other across this new
geographic barrier.
Some grass the grow around mines are tolerant of
heavy metals in soil. Meanwhile, neighboring
grasses don't live in polluted soil, but they occupy a
continuous geographic population. The two grasses
have evolved different flowering times (niche).
The apple maggot lays its eggs inside an apple,
causing it to rot. As the apple falls from the tree,
the maggots dig in the ground and emerge as flies
later. The original hawthorn species still only lays its
eggs in hawthorn apples.
TYPES OF EVOLUTION
Divergent Evolution
• Definition: new species evolves from a common
ancestor
TYPES OF EVOLUTION
Convergent Evolution
• Definition: unrelated species become similar as
they adapt to similar environments
TYPES OF EVOLUTION
Parallel Evolution
• Definition: development of a similar trait in
related, but distinct, species descending from a
common ancestor
TYPES OF EVOLUTION
Coevolution
• Definition: influence of closely associated
species on each other in their evolution
TYPES OF ISOLATION
Prezygotic Isolation
• Definition:
reproductive isolation
preventing a zygote
• Example: geographic,
behavioral, mechanical
GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATION
Definition: When a population
is divided into two or more
smaller populations due to
PHYSICAL BARRIERS.
This can occur when rivers
change course, mountains
rise, continents drift, or
organisms migrate.
Example: Northern Spotted Owl and

Mexican Spotted Owl
BEHAVIORAL ISOLATION
Defition: Two species do not mate
because of differences in courtship
behavior.
Example: Blue footed boobies (mating dance),

birds (mating song), nocturnal versus diurnal
TYPES OF ISOLATION
Postzygotic Isolation
Horse Donkey
• Definition: reproductive
isolation that occurs after
two species have mated
• Example: hybrid mule

offspring are infertile
Hybrid = Mule
Can NOT reproduce
WHAT TYPE OF EVOLUTION IS THIS?
The kit fox lives in the desert where its coat

helps disguise it from its predators. The red
fox lives in forests where its red coat blends
into its surroundings.
Yucca flowers are a
certain shape so only
that tiny moth can
pollinate them. The moths
lay their eggs in the
yucca flowers and the
larvae (caterpillars) live
in the developing ovary
and eat yucca seeds.
There are species, found in Australia, Africa, and
America. Though not related, they all evolved the
"tools" necessary to subsist on an ant diet: a long,
sticky tongue, few teeth, a rugged stomach, and large
salivary glands.
The woolly mammoth (extinct) and the modern
elephant both share a similar structural appearance of
their trunk and tusks. They share a common ancestor
and developed similar traits.
WHAT TYPE OF ISOLATION IS THIS?
The Red-legged Frog (Rana aurora, left) breeding
season lasts from January to March.
The closely related Yellow-legged Frog (Rana
boylii, right) breeds from late March through May.
A zygote may form with union of sperm

and egg from the two species, but the
embryo dies after a few cell divisions. The
genetic information from male and female
parents is insufficient to produce a viable
offspring.
Viable hybrid is produced (often

physically more vigorous than either
parent), but is unable to reproduce
(sterile). Ex: zorse, grolar bear
In some snail species, the direction of shell coiling is
controlled by a single (maternal effect) gene. Snails
with left-coiling shells cannot mate with snails
having right-coiling shells.

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TYPES OF SPECIATION

Allopatric peripatric parapatric sympatric

Initial step of speciation

Example: Northern Spotted Owl and

Example: Blue footed boobies (mating dance),

• Example: hybrid mule

The kit fox lives in the desert where its coat

A zygote may form with union of sperm

Viable hybrid is produced (often

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