Transient Stability

© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Transient Stability

 Topics
• What is Transient Stability (TS)
• What Causes System Unstable
• Effects When System Is Instable
• Transient Stability Definition
• Modeling and Data Preparation
• ETAP TS Study Outputs
• Power System TS Studies
• Solutions to Stability Problems
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 2
 What is Transient Stability
• TS is also called Rotor Angle Stability
Something between mechanical system and
electrical system – energy conversion
• It is a Electromechanical Phenomenon
Time frame in milliseconds
• All Synchronous Machines Must Remain in
Synchronism with One Another
Synchronous generators and motors
This is what system stable or unstable means

© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 3

 What is Transient Stability
• Torque Equation (generator case)

T = mechanical torque
P = number of poles
air = air-gap flux
Fr = rotor field MMF
 = rotor angle

© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 4

 What is Transient Stability
• Swing Equation

M = inertia constant
D = damping constant
Pmech = input mechanical power
Pelec = output electrical power

© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 5

 What Causes System Unstable

• From Torque Equation

T (prime mover)
Rotor MMF (field winding)
Air-Gap Flux (electrical system)
• From Swing Equation
Pmech
Pelec
Different time constants in mechanical and
electrical systems

© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 6

 What Causes System Unstable

• In real operation
Short-circuit
Loss of excitation
Prime mover failure
Loss of utility connections
Loss of a portion of in-plant generation
Starting of a large motor
Switching operations
Impact loading on motors
Sudden large change in load and generation
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 7
 Effects When System Is Instable

• Swing in Rotor Angle (as well as in V, I, P,

Q and f)

Case 1: Steady-state stable

Case 2: Transient stable
Case 3: Small-signal unstable
Case 4: First swing unstable

© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 8

 Effects When System Is Instable

• A 2-Machine
Example

• At  = -180º
(Out-of-Step,
Slip the Pole)

© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 9

 Effects When System Is Instable

• Synchronous machine slip poles –

generator tripping
• Power swing
• Misoperation of protective devices
• Interruption of critical loads
• Low-voltage conditions – motor drop-offs
• Damage to equipment
• Area wide blackout
• …
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 10
 Transient Stability Definition

• Examine One Generator

• Power Output Capability Curve

  is limited to 180º
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 11
 Transient Stability Definition
• Transient and Dynamic Stability Limit
 After a severe disturbance, the synchronous
generator reaches a steady-state operating
condition without a prolonged loss of
synchronism
 Limit:  < 180 during swing

© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 12

 Modeling and Data Preparation

• Synchronous Machine

 Machine
 Exciter and AVR
 Prime Mover and Governor / Load Torque
 Power System Stabilizer (PSS) (Generator)
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 13
 Modeling and Data Preparation

© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 14

 Modeling and Data Preparation
• Typical synchronous machine data

© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 15

 Modeling and Data Preparation

• Induction Machine
 Machine
 Load Torque

© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 16

 Modeling and Data Preparation

• Power Grid
 Short-Circuit Capability
 Fixed internal voltage and infinite inertia

© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 17

 Modeling and Data Preparation

• Load
 Voltage dependency
 Frequency dependency

© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 18

 Modeling and Data Preparation

• Load

© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 19

 Modeling and Data Preparation

• Events and Actions

© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 20

 Modeling and Data Preparation
Device Type Action
Bus 3-P Fault L-G Fault Clear Fault
Branch Fraction Clear
Fault Fault
PD Trip Close
Generator Droop / Start Loss Exc. P Change V Change Delete
Isoch
Grid P Change V Change Delete
Motor Accelerate Load Delete
Change
Lumped Load Load Delete
Change
MOV Start
Wind Turbine Disturbance Gust Ramp

MG Set Emergency Main

© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 21

 Power System TS Studies
• Fault
 3-phase and single phase fault
 Clear fault
 Critical Fault Clearing Time (CFCT)
 Critical System Separation Time (CSST)
• Bus Transfer
 Fast load transferring
• Load Shedding
 Under-frequency
 Under-voltage
• Motor Dynamic Acceleration
 Induction motor
 Synchronous motor
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 22
 Power System TS Studies
• Critical Fault Clearing Time (CFCT)
Fault Clear fault Clear fault Clear fault Clear fault

1 cycle 1 cycle

unstable

unstable

unstable
stable

Cycle
CFCT

• Critical Separation Time (CSST)

Fault Separation Separation Separation Separation

1 cycle 1 cycle
unstable

unstable

unstable
stable

Cycle
CSST

© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 23

 Power System TS Studies
• Fast Bus Transfer

Motor residual voltage

1

0.8
Vmotor
0.6

0.4

0.2

0
s
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1

© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 24

 Power System TS Studies
• Fast Bus Transfer
ES = System equivalent per unit
 volts per hertz
EM = Motor residual per unit per
hertz
ER = Resultant vectorial voltage
in per unit volts per hertz

Ttransfer  10 cycles
  90 degrees
ER  1.33 per unit (133%)
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 25
 Power System TS Studies
• Load Shedding

© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 26

 Power System TS Studies
• Motor Dynamic Acceleration
Important for islanded system operation
Motor starting impact
Generator AVR action
Reacceleration

© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 27

 Solution to Stability Problems

• Improve System Design

 Increase synchronizing power
• Design and Selection of Rotating Equipment
 Use of induction machines
 Increase moment of inertia
 Reduce transient reactance
 Improve voltage regulator and exciter
characteristics

© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 28

 Solution to Stability Problems

• Application of Power System Stabilizer

(PSS)
• Add System Protections
 Fast fault clearance
 Load shedding
 System separation
Out-Of-Step relay
…

© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 29