S.I.

Engine
Mixture Preparation
 Mixture Requirements
• Engine induction and fuel systems must
prepare a fuel-air mixture that satisfies the
requirements of the engine over its entire
operating system.
• Optimum air-fuel ratio for an SI engine is that
which gives
1. required power output
2. with lowest fuel consumption
3. smooth and reliable operation
4. With the lowest emission output
 Cont….
• Mixture requirements are different for full load
(wide-open throttle or WOT) and for part-load
operation.

• At full load, complete utilization of inducted air to

obtain maximum power for a given displaced
volume is the critical issue.

• At part-load at a given speed, efficient utilization

of fuel is the critical issue.

• As seen in the next slide, at WOT, maximum

power for a given volumetric efficiency is
obtained at a mixture slightly richer than
stoichiometric, Φ≈1.1
 What is carburetion?
• The process of formation of a combustible fuel-
air mixture by mixing the proper amount of fuel
with air before it is admitted into the engine
cylinder is called carburetion.
The engine suction is sufficient to vaporize these
fuels and no preheating is required. The device
used for vaporizing these fuels is called
Carburettor.
 Cont…
Functions of carburetor:
1.Maintain a small reserve of petrol under a
constant head.
2.Vaporize the petrol by means of engine
suction , atomize it and produce a
homogeneous air fuel mixture.
3. Supply the required quantity of air and fuel
vapour at correct mixture strength according to
the varying requirements of the engine at all
speeds and loads of the engine.
Principles of Carburation:
Cont….
 .
The Simple caburettor has the following Parts:
1. Float Chamber
2. Venturi
3. Nozzle with metering orifice
4. Throttle Valve

1. Float Chamber- The fuel is pumped or flows by

gravity into float chamber . When the fuel reaches
the proper height in the chamber , the float rises
sufficiently to cut off flow. The level of fuel is kept
constant in the fuel chamber.
2. Venturi -The fuel flows out the float chamber
.
through metering orifice into nozzle which opens
into the venturi throat . The pressure drop produced
in the venturi throat by the air flows is used directly
to control the rate of fuel flow through fuel orifice.
The vaccum produced at the venturi throat due to
air flow is called carburretor depression.
3. Nozzle with metering orifice- The carburettor
depression causes a pressure difference across the
metering orifice . The fuel is sprayed into the air
stream and carried to the engine cylinder. The fuel
vaporize due to low pressure produced by the
venturi.
 . a damper at the inlet
4. Throttle- It serves as
of the engine and control the speed and the
power of the engine . It regulates the amount
of air flowing to the engine and checks the
quantity of fuel. The amount of mixture is
regulated to control the power and the speed
of the engine. The mixture quality is also
affected as the throttle opening affects the
carburettor depression.
 Factors affecting Carburetion
1. Engine speed. In a 4-stroke engine running at 3000
rev/min, the intake will take about 10 ms during which
the fuel has to evaporate, mix with air and be inducted
into the engine.
2. Vaporization characteristics of the fuel. Will require
a volatile fuel for quick evaporation and mixing with air.
3. The temperature of the in coming air. Must be high
enough to be able to evaporate the fuel and yet not too
high as to reduce mass of fresh charge.
4. Design of the carburetor. This will help in proper
introduction of fuel into the air stream and provide
proper distribution of the mixture to the various
cylinders.
 Carburetor Systems
The fixed venturi carburetor has six systems
and several devices that provide the correct
air-fuel mixture for different operating
conditions. These include:
1. Float System
2. Idle and Low speed System
3. Main-Metering System
4. Power System
5. Accelerator Pump System
6. Choke System
 PETROL INJECTION
Modern carburetors, though highly developed, have certain
drawbacks as discussed below:
1. Non-uniform distribution of mixture in multi-cylinder engines
due to unequal lengths of induction passages.
2. Loss of volumetric efficiency due to resistance to mixture
flow.
3. There are chances of backfire and fuel ignition outside the
carburetor.
4. Surging of fuel in tilted carburetor especially in aircrafts.
5. The carburettor performance deteriorates due to wearing of
its parts.
6. Freezing of mixture at low temperatures.
A petrol injection system can be used to overcome the
above limitations of carburetion.
 ELECTRONIC FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM
OVERVIEW

• Why modern car engines are computerized?

– to reduce emissions
– Good fuel economy ( to improve
mileage)
– To improve drive-ability
• These factors lead manufacturers to use
computers in automobile.
How Electronic Fuel Injection Works

• The Electronic Fuel Injection system

can be divided into three basic sub-
systems. These are:
1.the fuel delivery system,
2.the air induction system, and
3.the electronic control system.
 
 The Fuel Delivery System

• The fuel delivery system consists of the

fuel tank, fuel pump, fuel filter, fuel delivery
pipe (fuel rail), fuel injector, fuel pressure
regulator, and fuel return pipe.
 The Air Induction System
• The air induction system consists of the air
cleaner, air flow meter, throttle valve, air
intake chamber, intake manifold runner,
and intake valve.
• When the throttle valve is opened, air
flows through the air cleaner, through the
air flow meter, past the throttle valve, and
through a well tuned intake manifold
runner to the intake valve.
 Electronic Control System
 
The electronic control system consists of various engine
sensors, Electronic Control Unit (ECU), fuel injector
assemblies, and related wiring.
 The sensors change the different physical variables of the
engine in to electrical signals.
 The ECU determines precisely how much fuel needs to be
delivered by the injector (an actuator) by monitoring the
engine sensors.
 The ECU turns the injectors ON for a precise amount of
time, referred to as injection pulse width or injection
duration, to deliver the proper air/fuel ratio to the engine.
SENSORS
Sensors are transducers that change physical
quantity in to electrical quantity.
 That is they are used to detect a parameter in
one form and report it in another form of
energy (usually an electrical or digital
signal).
Atransducer is a device, for ex. Electrical,
electronic
etc. that converts one type of energy or physical
attribute to another for various purposes including
measurement or information transfer.
 Sensor classification
Sensors can be classified into two general
categories:

Active sensors, and

Passive sensors
 Active Sensor

• An active sensor produces ists own voltage

signal internally. This very weak signal is
fed back to the computer for analysis.
 Passive sensor
• A passive sensor is a variable resistance
sensor. Voltage is fed to the sensor from the
computer. The passive sensor‘s resistance
varies with changes in a condition
(temperature, pressure, viberation, etc). The
computer can detect the resulting change in
voltage caused by the change in resistance
 Operating principle
With in the above categories are several sensor
types:

 Variable resistors
 Piezoelectric principle
 Piezoresistive principle
 Electromagnetic (induction principle)
 Photo couplers
 switches
 ADVANTAGES OF EFI
• Uniform Air/Fuel Mixture Distribution
• Highly Accurate Air/Fuel Ratio Control
• Superior Throttle Response and Power
• Excellent Fuel Economy with Improved
Emissions Control
• Improved Cold Engine Start-ability and
Operation
• Simpler Mechanics, Reduced Adjustment
Sensitivity
 THE SELF DIAGNOSIS SYSTEM
• A self diagnosis system is incorporated into all
Computer Controlled Systems (CCS) Electronic Control
Units (ECUs) and into some Conventional EFI system
ECUs.
• This diagnostic system uses a check engine warning
lamp in the combination meter which is capable of
warning the driver when specific faults are detected in
the engine control system.
• The check engine light is also capable of flashing a
series of diagnosis codes to assist the technician in
troubleshooting these faults.
 FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM TYPES

•  There are three types

1. Multipoint Port Fuel Injection
• In this type of system the fuel is injected into
the intake port of each engine cylinder.
• these systems require one injector per
cylinder (plus, in some systems, one or
more injectors to supplement the fuel flow
during starting and warm-up).
 2. Single-Point Throttle-Body Injection

•  Single-point fuel-injection systems, where one or

two electronically controlled injectors, meter
the fuel into the air flow directly above the throttle
body.
• They provide straightforward electronic control of
fuel metering at lower than multipoint port
injection systems.
• However, as with carburetor systems, the
problems associated with slower transport of fuel
than the air from upstream of the throttle plate to
the cylinder must now be overcome.
 3. Direct Injection
• The direct injection spark ignition (DISI)
engine promises significant advantages
over the port fuel injection engine,
especially in improving fuel consumption
and reducing emissions.