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    YEAR 7 Earthquakes

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    Yves Iya
    This document discusses earthquakes, including what causes them, the different types of seismic waves, and how scientists study earthquakes. It notes that earthquakes occur along faults in the Earth's crust due to movement of tectonic plates. There are two main types of seismic waves - surface waves that travel along the Earth's surface and body waves that travel through the Earth's interior. The document outlines several methods used by seismologists to locate epicenters and measure earthquake strength, including using seismic stations to triangulate location and scales like the Richter magnitude scale.

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    YEAR 7 Earthquakes

    Uploaded by

    Yves Iya
    16 views26 pages
    This document discusses earthquakes, including what causes them, the different types of seismic waves, and how scientists study earthquakes. It notes that earthquakes occur along faults in the Earth's crust due to movement of tectonic plates. There are two main types of seismic waves - surface waves that travel along the Earth's surface and body waves that travel through the Earth's interior. The document outlines several methods used by seismologists to locate epicenters and measure earthquake strength, including using seismic stations to triangulate location and scales like the Richter magnitude scale.

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    This document discusses earthquakes, including what causes them, the different types of seismic waves, and how scientists study earthquakes. It notes that earthquakes occur along faults in the Earth's crust due to movement of tectonic plates. There are two main types of seismic waves - surface waves that travel along the Earth's surface and body waves that travel through the Earth's interior. The document outlines several methods used by seismologists to locate epicenters and measure earthquake strength, including using seismic stations to triangulate location and scales like the Richter magnitude scale.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    16 views26 pages

    YEAR 7 Earthquakes

    Uploaded by

    Yves Iya
    This document discusses earthquakes, including what causes them, the different types of seismic waves, and how scientists study earthquakes. It notes that earthquakes occur along faults in the Earth's crust due to movement of tectonic plates. There are two main types of seismic waves - surface waves that travel along the Earth's surface and body waves that travel through the Earth's interior. The document outlines several methods used by seismologists to locate epicenters and measure earthquake strength, including using seismic stations to triangulate location and scales like the Richter magnitude scale.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 26

    EARTHQUAKES

    Prepared by: Pauline Yves D. Iya, MD


    SPECIFIC LEARNING
    OUTCOMES
    At the end of the lesson, the
    learners will be able to:
    ● Discuss what is an earthquake and
    under what circumstance do
    earthquakes occur?
    ● Determine which type of seismic
    wave causes the greatest
    destruction to infrastructures and
    how this can be prevented
    EARTHQUAKE
    RELATIVE
    DATING
    • Ground shaking caused by sudden and
    rapid movement of one block of tectonic
    plate past another along faults
    Fractures in the
    Earth’s crust
    Did you know?
    Thousands of earthquakes
    occur around the world
    everyday, but only about 15
    strong earthquakes are
    recorded each year.
    Insert video

    • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GQgkL76cNZc
    • The point on the Earth’s surface
    Epicenter directly above the hypocenter

    • AKA Focus
    Hypocenter • Location where the slippage begins
    • The source of seismic waves
    Aftershocks
    RELATIVE
    DATING

    • Numerous earthquakes of lesser magnitude


    following strong earthquakes

    • Although weaker, often triggers the destruction of


    already weakened structures
    Foreshocks
    RELATIVE
    DATING

    • often, but not always, precede the major


    earthquakes by days or several years

    • Used to predict forthcoming earthquakes with only


    limited success
    THREE BASIC TYPES OF FAULTS:

    • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r5fS__4MA44
    •
    THREE BASIC TYPES OF FAULTS:

    • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r5fS__4MA44
    •
    SEISMOLO
    GY • Study of earthquakes

    • SEISMOLOGISTS – scientists who are experts in


    the study of earthquake

    • SEISMOGRAPHS or SEISMOMETERS –
    instruments that record earthquake waves
    Ancient Chinese Seismograph
    SEISMIC
    WAVES
    Two main types:

    1. Surface waves – travels in rock layers just below


    Earth’s surface

    2. Body waves – travel through Earth’s interior


    Insert video

    ht
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H9Ifk0Bde4Q tps://
    www.youtube.com/watch?v=H9Ifk0Bde4Q

    Time 0.41
    SEISMIC
    WAVES
    BODY WAVES
    - travel through Earth’s interior -
    SURFACE WAVES
    travels in rock layers just below Earth’s
    surface (solid medium)
    Primary (P) Secondary (S) Love waves Rayleigh waves
    waves waves
    “push & pull” waves “shake” particles at Moves ground from Causes ground to
    right angles to the side to side shake in an elliptical
    Compress and direction of travel manner
    stretch rocks in the Moves faster
    direction the wave Observed in ocean
    travels Most damaging type waves
    of surface waves
    Spread out the most,
    long duration
    Typical Seismogram
    How do scientists locate the epicenter?
    TRIANGULATION
    The different measures of earthquake strength:

    • Measures the amount of ground


    Intensity shaking a place experiences due to an
    earthquake

    • Estimate of an actual amount of energy


    Magnitude released during an earthquake
    Intensity MODIFIED MERCALLI
    INTENSITY SCALE

    • Developed by Giuseppe
    Mercalli

    • California buildings were


    used as standard
    Magnitude Richter Magnitude Scale

    • Developed by Charles
    Richter

    • First magnitude scale to


    use seismic records
    TSUNAMI
    Japanese term meaning “harbor wave”
    a series of extremely long waves caused by a large and sudden displacement of the ocean,
    usually the result of an earthquake below or near the ocean floor.
    Earthquake & Plate
    Boundaries

    Divergent oceanic ridge system Transform faults

    Produces another belt of Can produce large earthquakes


    earthquake activity generating
    frequent quakes of small magnitude
    Basis for predicting
    earthquakes:

    Statistical data Based on frequency of earlier recorded quakes

    Seismic gaps Monitoring stations along plate boundaries


    Seismic gaps – most likely places for quakes to occur
    - regions that have been quiet, indicating stress build up
    Earthquake precursors
    • Seismicity
    • Subsidence & Uplift
    • Wave speeds
    • Water levels in wells
    • Geoelectricity
    • Strains
    • Radon content of water
    • Animal behavior
    References:
    • Levesley, M., Johnson, P., Brand, I., & Kearsey, S. (2014). Exploring Science
    Working Scientifically. Harlow, Essex: Pearson Education Limited.

    • Cadiz, A.P., & Pascual, C.B., (2021). Fundamentals of Earth and Life
    Science. Mindshapers Co. INC.

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