CH 8

Chapter 8
Potential Energy and

Conservation of Energy
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
8-1 Potential Energy
 Potential energy U is energy that can be associated

with the configuration of a system of objects that exert
forces on one another
 A system of objects may be:
o
Earth and a bungee jumper
o
Gravitational potential energy accounts for kinetic energy
increase during the fall
o
Elastic potential energy accounts for deceleration by the
bungee cord
 Physics determines how potential energy is calculated,
to account for stored energy
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

 For an object being raised or lowered:

Eq. (8-1)
 The change in gravitational potential energy is the

negative of the work done
 This also applies to an elastic block-spring system
Figure 8-2 Figure 8-3

 Key points:
1. The system consists of two or more objects
2. A force acts between a particle (tomato/block) and
the rest of the system
3. When the configuration changes, the force does
work W1, changing kinetic energy to another form
4. When the configuration change is reversed, the
force reverses the energy transfer, doing work W2
 Thus the kinetic energy of the tomato/block becomes
potential energy, and then kinetic energy again


Conservative forces are forces for which W1 = -W2 is
always true
o
Examples: gravitational force, spring force
o
Otherwise we could not speak of their potential energies
 Nonconservative forces are those for which it is false
o
Examples: kinetic friction force, drag force
o
Kinetic energy of a moving particle is transferred to heat by
friction
o
Thermal energy cannot be recovered back into kinetic
energy of the object via the friction force
o
Therefore the force is not conservative, thermal energy is
not a potential energy
 When only conservative forces act on a particle, we

find many problems can be simplified:
 A result of this is that:
Figure 8-4

 Mathematically: Eq. (8-2)
 This result allows you to substitute a simpler path for a

more complex one if only conservative forces are
involved
Figure 8-5
 For the general case, we calculate work as:

Eq. (8-5)
 So we calculate potential energy as:

Eq. (8-6)
 Using this to calculate gravitational PE, relative to a

reference configuration with reference point yi = 0:
Eq. (8-9)

 Use the same process to calculate spring PE:

Eq. (8-10)

With reference point xi = 0 for a relaxed spring:
Eq. (8-11)
Answer: (3), (1), (2); a positive force does positive work, decreasing the
PE; a negative force (e.g., 3) does negative work, increasing the PE

8-2 Conservation of Mechanical Energy
 The mechanical energy of a system is the sum of its

potential energy U and kinetic energy K:
Eq. (8-12)
 Work done by conservative forces increases K and

decreases U by that amount, so:
Eq. (8-15)
 Using subscripts to refer to different instants of time:

Eq. (8-17)
 In other words:

 This is the principle of the conservation of

mechanical energy:
Eq. (8-18)
 This is very powerful tool:
 One application:
o Choose the lowest point in the system as U = 0
o
Then at the highest point U = max, and K = min

Answer: Since there are no nonconservative forces, all of the difference

in potential energy must go to kinetic energy. Therefore all are equal in
(a). Because of this fact, they are also all equal in (b).

8-3 Reading a Potential Energy Curve
 For one dimension, force and potential energy are

related (by work) as:
Eq. (8-22)
 Therefore we can find the force F(x) from a plot of the

potential energy U(x), by taking the derivative (slope)
 If we write the mechanical energy out:
Eq. (8-23)
 We see how K(x) varies with U(x):

Eq. (8-24)

 To find K(x) at any place, take the total mechanical

energy (constant) and subtract U(x)
 Places where K = 0 are turning points
o
There, the particle changes direction (K cannot be negative)
 At equilibrium points, the slope of U(x) is 0
 A particle in neutral equilibrium is stationary, with
potential energy only, and net force = 0
o
If displaced to one side slightly, it would remain in its new
position
o
Example: a marble on a flat tabletop

 A particle in unstable equilibrium is stationary, with

o
If displaced slightly to one direction, it will feel a force
propelling it in that direction
o
Example: a marble balanced on a bowling ball
 A particle in stable equilibrium is stationary, with
o
If displaced to one side slightly, it will feel a force returning it
to its original position
o
Example: a marble placed at the bottom of a bowl

 Plot (a) shows the

potential U(x)
 Plot (b) shows the
force F(x)
 If we draw a
horizontal line, (c) or
(f) for example, we
can see the range of
possible positions

x < x1 is forbidden for
the Emec in (c): the
particle does not
have the energy to
reach those points
Figure 8-9
8-4 Work Done on a System by an External Force
 We can extend work on an object to work on a system:
 For a system of more than 1 particle, work can change

both K and U, or other forms of energy of the system
 For a frictionless system:
Eq. (8-25)
Eq. (8-26)
Figure 8-12

For a system with friction:
Eq. (8-31)
Eq. (8-33)
 The thermal energy comes from the forming and

breaking of the welds between the sliding surfaces
Figure 8-13
Answer: All trials result in equal thermal energy change. The value of fk
is the same in all cases, since μk has only 1 value.

8-5 Conservation of Energy
 Energy transferred between systems can always be

accounted for
 The law of conservation of energy concerns
o
The total energy E of a system
o
Which includes mechanical, thermal, and other internal
energy
 Considering only energy transfer through work:
Eq. (8-35)

 An isolated system is one for which there can be no

external energy transfer
 Energy transfers may happen internal to the system

 We can write: Eq. (8-36)
 Or, for two instants of time:

Eq. (8-37)

 External forces can act on a system without doing

work:
Figure 8-15
 The skater pushes herself away from the wall

 She turns internal chemical energy in her muscles into
kinetic energy
 Her K change is caused by the force from the wall, but
the wall does not provide her any energy
 We can expand the definition of power

 In general, power is the rate at which energy is
transferred by a force from one type to another
 If energy ΔE is transferred in time Δt, the average
power is:
Eq. (8-40)
 And the instantaneous power is:
Eq. (8-41)

8 Summary
Conservative Forces Potential Energy

 Net work on a particle over a  Energy associated with the
closed path is 0 configuration of a system and a
conservative force
Eq. (8-6)
Gravitational Potential Elastic Potential Energy

Energy  Energy associated with
 Energy associated with Earth + compression or extension of a
a nearby particle spring
Eq. (8-9)
Eq. (8-11)

8 Summary
Mechanical Energy Potential Energy Curves

Eq. (8-12) Eq. (8-22)
 For only conservative forces  At turning points a particle
within an isolated system, reverses direction
mechanical energy is
conserved
 At equilibrium, slope of U(x) is 0
Work Done on a System Conservation of Energy

by an External Force  The total energy can change
 Without/with friction: only by amounts transferred in
or out of the system
Eq. (8-26)
Eq. (8-33) Eq. (8-35)

8 Summary
Power
 The rate at which a force
transfers energy
 Average power:
Eq. (8-40)
 Instantaneous power:
Eq. (8-41)

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Chapter 8

Potential Energy and

 Potential energy U is energy that can be associated

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

 For an object being raised or lowered:

 The change in gravitational potential energy is the

Figure 8-2 Figure 8-3

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

 When only conservative forces act on a particle, we

 A result of this is that:

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

 Mathematically: Eq. (8-2)

 This result allows you to substitute a simpler path for a

 For the general case, we calculate work as:

 So we calculate potential energy as:

 Using this to calculate gravitational PE, relative to a

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

 Use the same process to calculate spring PE:

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

 The mechanical energy of a system is the sum of its

 Work done by conservative forces increases K and

 Using subscripts to refer to different instants of time:

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

 This is the principle of the conservation of

 This is very powerful tool:

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Answer: Since there are no nonconservative forces, all of the difference

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

 For one dimension, force and potential energy are

 Therefore we can find the force F(x) from a plot of the

 We see how K(x) varies with U(x):

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

 To find K(x) at any place, take the total mechanical

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

 A particle in unstable equilibrium is stationary, with

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

 Plot (a) shows the

 We can extend work on an object to work on a system:

 For a system of more than 1 particle, work can change

 The thermal energy comes from the forming and

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

 Energy transferred between systems can always be

 Considering only energy transfer through work:

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

 An isolated system is one for which there can be no

 Energy transfers may happen internal to the system

 Or, for two instants of time:

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

 External forces can act on a system without doing

 The skater pushes herself away from the wall

 We can expand the definition of power

 And the instantaneous power is:

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Conservative Forces Potential Energy

Gravitational Potential Elastic Potential Energy

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Mechanical Energy Potential Energy Curves

Work Done on a System Conservation of Energy